Chapter 26: Heritage of the Middle East - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 26: Heritage of the Middle East

Section 4: Imperialism and Nationalism

Updated by Mr. Dougherty

Sarah H.Slide2

Lesson Questions

What challenges did the Ottoman Empire face?

How did Imperialism spur the growth of nationalism in the Middle East?What reforms did nationalist leaders introduce?Slide3

Vocabulary

mandate

: territory administered but not owned by a member of the League of Nations

anti-Semitism: hatred or fear of JewsSlide4

Introduction The Suez Canal

In ancient times, Egyptian pharaohs began digging a canal that would link Mediterranean with Red Sea; more than 2,000 years later, the French finally completed task

Egyptian workers labored for nearly 11 years to dig 100-mile Suez CanalEuropeans welcomed the canal because it reduced the ocean voyage to Asia by thousands of miles

By late 1800s, European influence in Middle East was growingDuring Age of Imperialism, European interference in Middle East would spur growth of nationalist movementsSlide5
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Suez Canal Important Route for Oil (1956)Slide8

Challenges to Ottoman Power

Reform Efforts

National groups within empire sought independence from Ottoman rule Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, and BulgariansRussia encouraged these groups to revolt against Ottoman rulersFrance and Britain alarmed at Russia’s ambitions and tried to prevent breakup of Ottoman Empire

Turkish nationalismYoung Turks formed in late 1800s

Young Turks wanted to strengthen Ottoman Empire and end western imperialism1908: overthrew the sultan, placed a new sultan in power, forced him to carry out programYoung Turks supported policy of Turkish nationalism; they abandoned traditional Ottoman tolerance of diverse cultures and religionYoung Turks tried to impose Turkish language on Arabs and mistreated Arabs in many other ways; fueled growing Arab nationalism

World War I

Ottoman Empires sided with Germany against Russia, Britain, and France

1919: Versailles Peace Conference, Allies stripped Ottoman empire of its Arab provinces

Britain received Iraq, Transjordan and Palestine as mandates

France received Syria and Lebanon as mandatesSlide9

ABD AL-HAMID II (1842-1918), Ruled from 1876-1909

Ottoman sultan of Turkey he succeeded his brother Murad V (1840-1904), who had been declared insane. Russia declared war against Turkey in the second year of Abd al-Hamid's reign. He lost many battles. The Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, resulted in the lost European territory. Massacres of Armenians occurred in Turkey during 1895 and 1896, but Abd al-Hamid refused to intervene. His despotic rule led to the development of the powerful revolutionary organization known as the

Young Turks

. In 1909 Abd al-Hamid II was deposed and exiled. Slide10

Resting after battle during Turkish revolution

Soldiers resting after a battle during the 1911 Turkish revolution. A group of Turkish revolutionaries called the "Young Turks" organized the overthrow of the Ottoman regime in 1908. Power struggles and political turmoil ensued, leading to several

coups d'etat

by 1913. In the meantime, the Empire continued to lose control of its provinces one by one. Slide11

A battle in the first Balkan War (1912)

In this first Balkan War battle, the Turks are defeating the Bulgarians. In the years before World War I, the Balkans were a locus of serious international conflict, as they struggled to free themselves from the last vestiges of domination by Turkey. In the first Balkan War, fought in 1912, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro, encouraged by Russia, fought the Turks. Then, in a 1913 quarrel over the spoils, the Bulgarians attacked the Serbs. Slide12

Armenian troops march through Baku, in Russia.

Armenian troops march through Baku, in Russia. Located on the western side of the Caspian Sea, the Turks could easily march north and attack Russia by crossing their border into the Caucasus. Combined British and Russian forces fought fierce battles against the Turks from July 1918 until November, when they finally reoccupied Baku. Slide13

The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre

During World War I Armenia became a battleground for Russian and Turkish armies. Between January and August 1916, the Russians conquered the greater part of Turkish Armenia, but the revolution in 1917 forced their withdrawal, and the Turks reoccupied the country. As the war raged on, Turkish atrocities against Armenians increased, leading the government of the U.S. to send a formal note of protest to Turkey on Feb. 17, 1916. Deaths attributed to massacres and famine reached an estimated 800,000 during the war. Many Armenians fled, seeking homes in other lands, including the U.S.; about 200,000 found refuge in Russia. Slide14

Famous Armenian-Americans

Arshile Gorky (Artist) Slide15

Alex Seropian (Founder of Bungie Software Products Corporation) Slide16

Famous Armenian-Americans

Family tradition had it that the head of the company would only pass its secrets down to the oldest son, but Avedis III gave the information to both his sons, Armand and Robert. This led to a family feud and a legal squabble, resulting in

Robert

leaving Zildjian to form the rival Sabian company.

Avedis Zildjian (Cymbal Manufacturer)Slide17

Republic of Turkey

Atatürk’s reforms

Mustafa Kemal rallied Turkish resistance to Greek advance1923 Kemal had become strong enough to overthrow Sultan, abolish Ottoman Empire and make Turkey a republic

He later took name Kemal Atatürk, or “father of the Turks”Determined to make Turkey a modern secular state

Used government funds to build industries and also insisted on separation of religion and governmentWomen won right to vote and hold public office; system of public schools separate from religious schoolsTo Atatürk, modernization meant adopting many features of western cultureHe had support of Turkish nationalists, but many Muslims opposed his policies because they feared that western ways would destroy their traditions and valuesSlide18

Flag of Turkey, Flag in use since 1844 and officially adopted in 1936.

The star and crescent are Muslim symbols. Many traditions explain the star and crescent symbol even before Islam. It is known that Diana was the patron goddess of Byzantium and that her symbol was a moon. In 330, the Emperor Constantine rededicated the city - which he called Constantinople - to the Virgin Mary, whose star symbol was superimposed over the crescent.Slide19

Atatürk's principal goal was to save his people from humiliation after WWI and to transform Turkey into a modern, 20th-century nation.

Atatürk was born on March 12, 1881, in Salonika (now Thessaloníki, Greece.

Atatürk died in Istanbul on Nov. 10, 1938. Slide20

Among the radical reforms instituted by Mustapha Kemal in Turkey after 1924 were changes in family law and the rights of women. Women were granted equal rights with men in marriage, divorce, and property inheritance, and in 1934 they gained the right to vote. Traditional forms of dress were discouraged or even abolished. In this 1934 photograph, the Turkish Republic has just extended political rights to women. Sixth from the left is Mustapha Kemal, President of the Republic. Slide21

A woman judge holding court in Turkey

A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938. Kemal's reform program was summed up in six principles: republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism, and reformism.

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Conducting a census in Turkey, October 20, l935

Borrowing selectively from European law codes, President Mustapha Kemal aimed to create a modern secular nation-state which would be able to compete with the industrialized states of Europe. Censuses had been conducted in Ottoman times to facilitate governmental control and planning. In this 1935 census, the people of the country were required to stay indoors until 6 p.m. Slide23

Turkey Adopting a New Alphabet

Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women. Slide24

The Mausoleum of Atatürk at Ankara, Turkey

Atatürk's remains were interred here on November 10,1953, the tenth anniversary of his death. This mausoleum was built in the years 1944 to 1953 according to the plans of the architect Emin Onat.

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Bringing Turkey into the Modern AgeSlide27

President Obama Addressing the Turkish ParliamentApril 6

th 2009

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3PrM9WJZusSlide28

Famous Turkish-Americans

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Harry, Varol, and Seckin Ablak Founders of Vocelli Pizza

Muhtar Kent, Chief Executive of Coca-Cola Company

Tunch Ilkin Steelers

Player and Sport CommentatorSlide29

Famous Turkish-Americans

Ersan İlyasova, Milwaukee Bucks Mehmet Okur, Utah Jazz Slide30

Rise of Modern Egypt

During Age of Imperialism, other parts of Ottoman Empire came under European control; Egypt became the focus of imperialist rivalry between Britain and France; Whoever held the Isthmus of Suez would control shipping and trade between Europe and Asia

1798, French general Napoleon Bonaparte

invaded Egypt, British and Ottomans forced the French to retreat but French influence remained strong in Egyptian cultureSlide31
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1798- Napoleon Bonaparte The Battle of the Pyramids (Egypt)Slide34

Battle of the Pyramids, François-Louis-Joseph Watteau, 1798–1799Slide35
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Defeat of Napoleon in Russia (Russia’s winter has been nicknamed “General Winter” because it defeated Napoleon and later Hitler)Slide37

Exiled to ElbaSlide38

ESCAPE!

“Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish." Slide39

The Battle of WaterlooSlide40

Exiled by the British (again)Slide41

St. HelenaSlide42
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Rise of Modern Egypt Continued

Muhammad Ali

1805, Muhammad Ali, an Albanian soldier who fought against the French, became governor of EgyptAli invited French experts to train Egyptians in the latest European military and scientific techniques, established new farming methods, improved irrigation, and promoted the growing of cash crops : cotton, sugar, and tobaccoSlide44

Muhammad Ali (1769-1849), the Founder of Modern Egypt

This Albanian soldier maneuvered his way to political power in 1805 in the aftermath of the French and British invasions of Egypt. His attempts to extend Egyptian influence in Arabia and Syria over the following decades met Ottoman and British resistance. Muhammad Ali embarked on an ambitious program of economic reform, expanding irrigation and turning large areas into cash crop production. His ruling dynasty lasted until 1952 when his descendant, King Farouk, was overthrown. Slide45

King Farouk of Egypt (c.) with Crown Prince Farouk at his left, watching a Cairo parade around 1930. Farouk (1920-1965),

The last reigning descendant of Muhammad Ali in Egypt, came to power in 1937 and soon came under pressures from Europe. Farouk was discredited in the eyes of many Egyptians by his dependence on the British, his extravagant life style, and the poor Egyptian performance in the first Palestine war of 1948-49. In 1952 he was overthrown and sent into exile as a result of a coup organized by Gamal Abd al-Nasser. Slide46

Farouk's PalaceSlide47

Rise of Modern Egypt continued

Growing foreign influence

Ali’s successors continued his policies but had to borrow money from European banks in order to pay for them; France and Britain used these debts as an excuse to interfere in Egypt’s internal affairs

French won the right to build the Suez Canal; faced with huge debts, Egyptian ruler,

Ismail, sold his shares in the canal to the BritishEgyptians rebelled because Britain and France took control of Egypt’s economyBritish forces occupied country in 1882

Both Muslims and Egyptian Christians, known as copts, supported efforts to end British control

Egypt declared its independence from Britain in 1922, Suez Canal remained in British hands until 1956Slide48

The influence of the British and French in Egypt

Khedive Ismail Pasha of Egypt (r. 1863-1879) encouraged a massive influx of Europeans into his country. The beginning of his reign was prosperous, since the Civil War in the United States had brought a great demand for Egyptian cotton. Prosperity encouraged European bankers to lend the khedive great sums of money, although at high rates. Unschooled in the ways of western finance, the khedive became so much indebted to European bankers that his country was on the verge of bankruptcy. Here, Britain and France, depicted as sailors, tie up the khedive, after chiding him for having created his own sorry situation. Slide49

Famous Arab-Americans

Steve Jobs, head of Apple, biological father was Syrian John J. Mack, CEO of investment bank Morgan Stanley (Lebanese parents) Slide50

Famous Arab-Americans

Maloof family, (The Maloof family is a Lebanese family which owns numerous business properties in the Western United States, majority owners of the Sacramento Kings and the Palms Casino Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada

Paul Orfalea, Nicknamed "Kinko" because of his curly red hair, born in Los Angeles, California, to parents of Lebanese descent, founded the copy-chain Kinko's.Slide51

Famous Arab-Americans

Joseph Haggar, founder of Haggar Clothing (Lebanese) Catherine Bell, actress on JAG, mother is Persian Slide52

Famous Arab-Americans

Justin Abdelkader, an American ice hockey forward playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). (Parents of Jordanian Ancestry)Slide53

Famous Arab-Americans

Ralph Nader, consumer advocate and frequent presidential candidate (Lebanese parents) Slide54

Struggle for Iran

Both Russia and Britain acquired spheres of influence in Iran; both nations competed for influence elsewhere in Asia, and each sought access to the Persian Gulf

By early 1900s, Iranian nationalists were demanding reform

1925; Reza Khan set up the Pahlavi dynasty and made himself shahKhan set out to end foreign control and create a modern industrial state; built roads, factories, modernized the army, and reduced power of Muslim clergy

Men and women adopted western clothing, women gained more freedom to move about in public, schools emphasized western courses of study, and government used western models for its law codeSlide55

Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944)

Ruled Iran from 1925 to 1941. An obscure military officer, he rose through the ranks and led the overthrow of the government in 1921. He became prime minister in 1923 and then deposed the last Qajar Shah, having himself crowned as Pahlavi Shah in 1925. Like Atatürk in Turkey, Reza Shah embarked on ambitious plans to reform Iran culturally and economically. When he refused to cooperate with the Allies at the beginning of World War II, Britain and the Soviet Union forced him to resign in favor of his young son, Muhammed Reza. Slide56

Arab Nationalism

Arabs felt betrayed by peace settlement that ended World War I

Britain and France gained control of many Arab lands that had been part of the Ottoman Empire-only in Saudi Arabia did an Arab ruler gain independence

Throughout 1920s and 1930s, Arab nationalists continued their demands for self-ruleGrowing importance of oil from Middle East, made Britain and France unwilling to withdraw from region

1932- Iraq gained independence, 1943-Lebanon won freedom, 1946-Syria independentSlide57

Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia."

When the British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916, T. E. Lawrence led the movement. He is shown here (second from right) with the Arab delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, where the peacemakers refused to grant independence to the Arabs. In center front is Prince Feisal, who commanded the Arab army against the Turks.Slide58

At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Lawrence joined the British Military Intelligence Service in Cairo. From there he was sent with a British relief column to the Arab prince Faisal (later King Faisal I of Iraq) in the Hejaz (now in Saudi Arabia). Lawrence then worked among the Arabs in revolt against Turkish rule and, having been accepted as their military adviser, unified their armed forces and led them against the Turks. In 1918 Lawrence and Faisal triumphantly entered Damascus before the arrival of the British army. Lawrence participated in the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, but was unsuccessful in his efforts to gain Arab independence.

Played by Peter O’TooleSlide59
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Colonel T. E. Lawrence's house in Wadi Rum, Jordan.

From this cave-house Lawrence carried out operations and negotiations connected with the Arab revolt against Turkey. Photo by Henry Burroughs. Slide62

Conflict Over Palestine

Zionism

During 1920s and 1930s, British mandate of Palestine became the center of conflict between Jewish and Arab nationalists

During late 1800s, persecution of Jews led to the modern form of Zionism; sought to reestablish a Jewish state in PalestineAD. 70: Romans expelled Jews from Palestine; Jews dreamed of returningSlide63

Conflict Over Palestine

As anti-Semitism increased, the desire for a Jewish homeland grew In Eastern Europe and Russia, thousands of Jews were killed in organized massacres; violence led many European Jews to migrate to PalestineSlide64

Liberation- Lord Balfour wrote a letter to Zionist leader Rothschild, outlining the British position in support of a Jewish homeland, of which the Arabs were unaware. Slide65

Tents of newly arrived Jewish immigrants in Palestine around 1918.

The Balfour Declaration, expressing support for a Jewish national home, was incorporated into the British Mandate over Palestine after World War I. Having replaced the Ottoman authorities, the British facilitated Zionist immigration to Palestine. Slide66

Zionism continued

1897-Theodor Herzl, a Hungarian Jew living in Austria, formed an organization to promote Zionism, so Jews from Eastern Europe began migrating to Palestine: set up communities there and called on Britain and other European powers to support them

1917: British government issued Balfour Declaration declaring that Palestine will be the home for the Jewish peopleSlide67

The Second Zionist Congress, meeting in Basle, Switzerland in 1898

At the podium is Theodor Herzl, leader of the Zionist movement to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. At the first Congress in 1897 and in subsequent meetings the delegates developed plans to win Western support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Ottoman-controlled Palestine. In 1901 Great Britain offered the Zionist movement land for settlement in East Africa, but Zionist sentiment favored settlement in Palestine, the historic homeland of the Jewish people. Slide68

Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)

the father of modern political Zionism. Herzl was an Austrian journalist and playwright who witnessed the rise of anti-Jewish sentiment in western Europe in the last decade of the 19th century. Convinced that an independent Jewish state was the solution to Jewish vulnerability, Herzl published his arguments in

Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) in 1896, and organized and presided over the first Zionist congress at Basle, Switzerland in 1897. Zionism had relatively little appeal to the Jews of western Europe, many of whom favored national assimilation. Furthermore, Jews living in Palestine before World War I constituted a small minority of the total population, offering little hope for the creation of an autonomous homeland. Slide69
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Arthur James Balfour (1848-1930).

Politically a conservative and socially an aristocrat, Balfour served as Prime Minister of England from 1901 to 1905. The fall of his government ushered in a long period of Liberal rule. During World War I, Balfour served as foreign minister, and is best known for drafting the Balfour Declaration.Slide71

David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) the first Prime Minister of Israel, proclaiming Israeli independence on May 15, 1948.

The new state was immediately recognized by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Behind Ben-Gurion is a portrait of Theodor Herzl, the founding father of political Zionism, who had called the first Zionist conference almost exactly 50 years before. Born in Poland, Ben-Gurion had emigrated to Palestine in 1906 and was active in the labor movement after 1921. He served in the Israeli government until 1963. Slide72

David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) Slide73

Arab response

At the time, Arabs- both Christian and Muslim- greatly outnumbered Jewish settlers in Palestine; nationalism was stirringIn time, nationalism would lead Palestinians to call for their own independent state

During 1930s, Jewish immigration increased as anti-Semitism worsened in Europe; tensions between Arabs and Jews in Palestine heightenedZionist groups helped Jews to buy land from Arab landownersArab tenant farmers on those lands were suddenly forced to leave and many migrated to the cities; with no money and few skills beyond farming, they faced severe hardship

Arab peasants joined other Arabs in attacking Jewish settlements, Jewish settlers fought back, and eventually, the conflict in Palestine erupted into warSlide74

Palestinian Arabs demonstrating against the Balfour Declaration at Jaffa.

To Arabs, the 1917 Balfour Declaration lending British support to Jewish national aims in Palestine became a symbol of British betrayal of promises which had been made to Arab leaders during World War I. General promises of British support for Arab independence had been contained in the correspondence between Egyptian High Commissioner McMahon and Hijaz Emir Husayn in 1915-1916. Slide75

Lawrence presented a British committee his plan for Arabia and launched a lobbying campaign to draw attention to the Arab cause. Lawrence and Faisal used Wilson's Fourteen Points to argue their case for Arab autonomy and persuaded the Peace Conference organizers to give them a hearing.