The Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Gunpowder Empires:Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Slide2

Ottoman OriginsOne of many Muslim warrior groups on East frontier of Byzantine EmpireConquered much of western Anatolia & Balkan Peninsula

Most long lived of post-Mongol empiresSlide3

Ottoman: Turning Point1453, broke through massive walls & captured Constantinople

Renamed IstanbulGave Turks control of city that symbolized Christian teachings & connection to ancient RomeStrategic location for long-distance trade & military deploymentsSlide4

Ottomans: 1516-1517Selim took title of caliph, defender of faith

extended from Black Sea to Red Sea to Strait of Gibraltar

little impact on N. Africa

Pashas, appointed government officials, collected taxes and maintained law & order reported to sultan in ConstantinopleSlide5

Ottoman ExpansionSoldiers and sailors continued to push borders outwardSultans established administrative rule that compared favorably with regimes elsewhere

Distinctive use of different type of slaveryBased on religion, not skin colorCalled

DevshirmeSlide6

Ottoman: Suleiman I1520expanded Ottoman rule into Europe and West Med. Searuled for 46 years

great military commander, known for legislation as wellcodified Ottoman law-kept Islamic faithTolerance for Christians of the Empireaddressed taxes

built more schoolsSlide7

OttomansSuleiman married harem girl from Poland named Roxelana-had 5 children with her

executed his eldest son, Mustafa, because Roxelana said he was planning to kill Suleiman and take power – her son Selim

took power when Suleiman died in 1566Slide8

Ottomanssuccess largely based on mastery of firearm technology

Sultans head of empiresupreme political & military authority

Power always transferred to single authority

position of sultan was hereditary – son always succeeded fatherSlide9

OttomansSince time of

Mehmet II, sultans ruled from the Topkaki Palace in Istanbul

administrative headquarters & chief residence of sultan

private domain of sultan called “harem,” or “sacred place”

Sultans often chose 4 wives as favorites

When son became sultan, his mother became queen mother - acted as a major adviser to throneSlide10

Ottoman Centralized PowerChief

advisor was “Grand Vizier”Led meetings of imperial council - met 4 days a week

Sultan sat behind screen-made wishes known to

GV

Empire divided into districts-ruled by officials who were helped by bureaucrats trained at palace schools

Senior officials given land - collected taxes & supplied armies Slide11

OttomansSunni Sultans claimed title of caliph responsible for guiding & keeping Islamic law

In practice, they gave their religious duties to the “ulema”- a group of religious advisors

Ulema

were responsible for legal system & schools for educating MuslimsSlide12

OttomansTolerant of non-MuslimsNon-Muslims paid tax, but allowed to practice their religion & could convert to Islam

Most people in European areas remained Christian In some areas, large numbers converted to IslamSlide13

Ottomans & Portuguese ThreatIn early 16th

century, merchants form south India & Sumatra requested help from Ottomans Ottomans responded vigorously to threat close to their territory did

not see

growing

threat of

world wide

naval powers like Portuguese

Never formulated a consistent aggressive policy in

Indian

Ocean to counter

growing European dominance-

Trapped

in land based paradigm when world was shifting to naval powerSlide14

Ottoman: Devshrime (Child Levy)Christian boys taken by force from families

Placed w/TurksConverted to IslamTrained for service in one of four royal institutions

Palace

Scribes

Religious

Military Slide15

Ottoman Institutions: Janissary CorpsBy 1520’s, military balanced between cavalry archers and Janissaries-Christian prisoners forced to serve as military slaves

Standing army-lived in barracks and trained all yearWilling to fight on foot with gunsSlide16

Ottoman MilitaryMuslim states relied on slave soldiers for long timeConquest of Christian lands provided new military source

Converted to IslamProvided flexibility-willing to fight on foot with gunsOttoman were horse culture-guns too heavy and awkward on horseback Slide17

Ottoman NavyManned by Greek, Turkish, Algerian, Tunisian sailors with N. African

admirals Turning Point: Lost battle of Lepanto against Venice, Spain, Papal States

in

1571-dispelled idea of Ottoman invincibility

Despite loss, their resources were so extensive that within

a year, replaced all galleys that were sunkSlide18

Ottoman Society: Cosmopolitan, sophisticatedShari’a

LawSultan provided justice The

A

skeri

Professionals/Military Elites provided security

The

Raya

Professionals

Merchants-exempt from taxes

Tradesmen

Guild Members

Peasants

Non-Muslims-local customs and religious leaders provided structure and guidanceSlide19

Ottoman: Crisis and Revolt 1585-1650Cannon & lighter-weight firearms gained importanceSize/cost of Janissary grew

Role of traditional cavalry diminishedSultan reduced number of landholding cavalrymenRevenue that used to go to their expenses, went into imperial treasury

Inflation from cheap silver from New World

bankrupted many landholders who were restricted to fixed amount of taxes

Land returned to the state

Displaced cavalrymen, armed and unhappy, became a restive elementSlide20

Ottoman Crisis and RevoltRevolts between 1590-1610Marauders/Bandits

Former landholding cavalrymen, short-term soldiersOverburdened peasantsImpoverished students

Anatolia suffered the

worst

Government inability to stop spread of guns Slide21

Ottoman Janissary PrivilegeJanissaries forced changes that helped the state in short run: Could support themselves

HereditaryForced recruitment abolishedTotal number of Janissaries increased

,

effectiveness as military force decreased Slide22

Ottoman Economic Changes: Tax Farming

Sultans became more isolated Grand Viziers had real powerTax farmers paid specific taxes in advance in return for collecting a greater amount from taxpayersRural administration disrupted

Tax farmers less likely to live on land

State had greater administrative burden to maintain order

Relied on provincial governors & on wealthy who purchased lifelong tax collection rightsSlide23

Ottoman Growing WeaknessDemographic changes, Ottoman inability to control trade, growing dominance of European traders in Indian Ocean turned Izmir into multicultural entrepot

Agricultural economy of lands most accessible to Europe became enmeshed in growing European commercial networksOttoman security weakenedSlide24

Ottoman WeaknessMilitary power declineJanissaries sometime hired replacements

Sultans relied on poorly trained seasonal recruits2nd

Seige

of Vienna failed in 1683

Weakness obvious to Austrians and Russians

Safavid

empire collapsed in 1722Slide25

Ottoman Weaknessbegan

w/ Selim II about 1699

training of officials declined

senior positions given to

sons/daughters

of

elite, based less on merit

elite only interested in own fortunes, so local government grew more corrupt and taxes rose

Wars depleted imperial treasurySlide26

Ottoman WeaknessDeclining trade w/East as Safavid instability cut into Silk productionTaxes on coffee were higher to Muslim merchants 15%

vs 3%Europe dominated sea trade but did not gain control of Ottoman territorySlide27

Ottoman Weakness: The Tulip PeriodVery few able to perceive

downward spiral of Ottoman power & reasons for it

Ironically, elites became fascinated with European styles

&

attitudes

“Tulip Bulb”

craze=

growing

detachment/ disengagement from

real issuesSlide28

Weakness: Patrona Halil Rebellion

1730, a revolt by Janissary with religious overtones forced the abdication of Sultan Ahmed IIHalil took control but was executedConfirmed that central government weak

Local powers gained

powerSlide29

Safavid Empire: 1501-1722 Slide30

Safavid OriginsSafavid

Dynasty started w/ Shah Ismaildescendant of Safi al-Din-leader of Turkish ethnic groups in Azerbaijan near Caspian Sea

Under Ismail,

Safavid

took control of much of Iran

&

Iraq

Relied

on cavalry paid through land grants

Multi-lingual

Oriented inward-not towards the seaSlide31

SafavidsIsmail called himself “shah,” or king, of new Persian stateIsmail was Shiite

TheocracyCreated distinct Shi’ite identity

sent preachers to different areas to convert members of Ottoman Empire

led to massacre of Sunni Muslims when he took Baghdad

Ismail lost at Tabriz to Suleiman over religious differencesSlide32

Safavid: Shah Abbas, 1588-1629

Restless, decisive, ruthless, intelligent, disciplinedbrought Safavids

to highest point of glory

Standardized

Shiite

beliefs-brought into

line with

Shari’a

law

usurped throne

from

father & imprisoned him

later killed man who helped him gain throne

With European allies, attacked

Ottoman Turks to regain lost

landsSlide33

Safavid: Shah Abbas I

Enlarged Iranian territoryStabilizing force after period of civil war and foreign invasionsEstablished global trade contacts between Asia and Europe

Built Isfahan

Donated generously

Employed calligraphers, painters, bookbinders, designers for inscriptions on buildings

Created a visual style that would be associated with his reign

Laid foundation for Modern IranSlide34

Safavid Empire: Shah Abbas I

When he took power, Ottomans occupied West Iran, the Caucasus, and IraqUzbeks controlled Khurasan

-including holy shrine of Imam

Riza

at

Mashad

Regained territory with slave army of

ghulams

,

Christian slaves who had converted

Seized Hormuz from Portuguese

Defeated Ottomans, regained Baghdad-allowed access to holy

Shi’ite

sites

Controlled trade in Persian Gulf Slide35

Safavids: Shad Abbas and Sufism

Mystical strain of Islam found in both Sunni and Shi’a sectsAlso known as dervishes

Achieve

oneness

w/

god though prayer, rituals,

visions

-

retreat

from material world

Shah

Abbas

was

Sufi

&

tolerant but would repress

unorthodox Sufi beliefs or practices or if his authority was threatenedSlide36

SafavidsSafavid Empire went from Azerbaijan on Caspian Sea east to India; along the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea north to the southern border of Russia

When Shah Abbas died, religious orthodoxy increased

Women forced to give up freedom for life of

seclusion-wearing veil

Not cut off from outside world

Wife retained property after marriage-gave some women a stake in general economy and a degree of independence

Under

Shari’a

women could testify for themselvesSlide37

Safavid Religion

Shi’ite Beliefs united SafavidCreated further estrangement from neighbors-all Sunni

Persian language 2

nd

after Arabic

Developed unique cultural elements in tile mosaics, poetry

Shi’ite

doctrine says that all temporal leaders are stand-ins for the “Hidden Imam”; the 12

th

descendent of Ali

Debate over the relationship between religion & politics led to religious scholars independent from imperial authority-did not become subordinate government functionaries like in Ottoman EmpireSlide38

Safavid: IsfahanIsfahan-jewel of

Safavid EmpireSilk & carpet weaving flourished

Riza-i-Abbasi

most famous artist of the time

beautiful works about simple subjects such as oxen plowing, hunters, and lovers

soft colors and flowing movement in paintingSlide39

Safavid: EconomySilks and carpets were important commercial goodsGood location on trade routes

Became rich from growing trade between Europe and Central Asia and IndiaBoth Muslim and Non-Muslim tradersMost subjects were farmers/herdersSlide40

Safavid: Economic Crisis and Political CollapseMost subjects were subsistence farmersno significant technological developments

Could not generate enough money for military and bureaucracyInflation from cheap silver from New WorldMismanagement of silk industryNomadic groups withdrew support

Afghan marauders captured Isfahan and ended

Safavid

rule

Slide41

Mughal Empire: 1605-1707

Babur founder-united Hindu & Muslim

kingdoms

descendant of

Mongol Conqueror

Timur

Lenk

Took Khyber

Pass in

NW

India

&

Delhi

in

N.

India

Small armies

but had weapons,

artillery

,

&

used them

w/

great effect Slide42

MughalAkbar the Great was grandson of Babur

placed most of India under Mughal control by use of artillery and negotiation

Formed alliances with Hindu

Rajput

Kingdoms

best known for his tolerance

adopted a policy of religious tolerance – married Hindu princess

Zamindars

were low ranking officials of Hindu descent who got paid by keeping part of collected taxes

part of his toleration of government administration Slide43

MughalShah Jahan ruled 1628-1658

used political system started by earlier Mughal rulers

expanded boundaries into Deccan Plateau and Samarkand in Hindu

Kush

Money spent on buildings and military projects drained the treasury-had to raise taxes

best known for

Taj

Mahal

mausoleum for favorite wife,

Mumatz

Mahal

Slide44

MughalAurangzeb took over from his father, Shah Jahan

had his brother put to death devout

Muslim- high principles

Imposed

Shari’a

Law

tried to

eliminate social

evils

suttee

(

Hindu practice of cremating a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre

)

levying

illegal taxes, gambling

,

drinking

Ended policy of religious tolerance

– tried to

convert Hindus, tore down temples

Imposed heavy tax on Hindus

Conquered Hindu kingdoms in central India, took slaves

led to social unrest that made India open to attack from abroadSlide45

MughalBritish helped decline

of Mughal Empire

Sir Robert

Clive-chief

representative of

British East India Company

1696, British

East India

gained

control

of Indian trade by taking

Bengal, Calcutta

Indians

practiced guerilla warfare against British but couldn’t dislodge themSlide46

Women’s Lives Under MughalComplex

played a role in Mughal tribal society – warriors &

advisors

in political matters

Could own land & do business

Experienced restrictions under Islamic law

isolation

of women was practiced in upper class Hindu families

Many

Hindu practices went unchanged by

Mughal

ruleSlide47

Mughal Art & Architecture

brought together Persian and Indian influences in art & architecture

Taj

Mahal

-

greatest example of Mogul architecture

Akbar

encouraged

Persian

&

Indian motifs

“

Akbar style” included humans in action

He encouraged

artists

to imitate European art forms, including perspective

&

lifelike

portraits

He

commissioned artists

from Persia

&

Europe to

teach

Indian artistsSlide48

Mughal Urdu= Arabic + Hindi

Education considered pupils needs and cultureSlide49

Maritime Worlds of Islam, 1500-1750Some SE Asian kingdoms welcome Islam to counter aggressive Christianity of EuropeansMuslims in coastal Africa intermarried with locals

Created mixed population that played a key part in development of distinctive Swahili cultureSlide50

ConclusionAll three Empires declined simultaneouslyLand-based empires dependent on land grants could not provide money needed for expensive weapons

Sea-based empires flourished from new ship designs, navigational accuracy, cannon, joint-stock companies, and aggressive trading tactics

Balance of power shifted-favored Europeans