PPT-Immobilization of Enzymes: Methods and Applications

By Swarnakshi Upadhyay Assistant Professor School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CSJM University Immobilization of Enzymes Traditionally enzymes in free solutions ie in soluble or free form react with substrates to result in products Such use of enzymes is wasteful particularly for industrial purposes since enzymes are not stable and they cannot be recovered for reuse . Definition of an enzyme. Enzyme. is . protein . . catalyst. (i.e. . increase the rate of reactions. ). . NOT. changed during the reaction. Understanding:. Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind. Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site. Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes. Reactions. Most reactions take place in a number of steps which need to be carefully controlled if the cell is to function properly. Enzymes are the most important controllers of cellular reactions. Catalysts. Enzymes as Catalysts. Enzymes are used to speed up chemical (metabolic) reactions e.g. respiration or photosynthesis- so why use enzymes in industry?. They are specific. can catalyse reactions between specific chemicals, even in a large mixture . Essential idea: Enzymes control the metabolism of the cell.. Above is just a small part of the IUBMB-. Sigma-Nicholson Metabolic Pathways Chart . aims to show all the metabolic pathways found in eukaryote cells. The chart in it's entirety shows how complex the chemicals reactions needed to support life in a single cell unit. This was mentioned earlier in 2.1, but in addition to the complexity now add to that . Warm up. Grab warm up and complete. We will be putting this into your . journal. When you are done with your warm up look over your Vocab 1-1, you have a . quiz today. Biomolecule review. Cellulose, a structural component of the cell wall of plants and some forms of algae, is mainly used to produce paper and cardboard products. Cellulose would be an example of which type of biomolecule. Apoenzymes. , . Holoenzyme. , . Abzymes. , . Synzyme. , . Ribozyme. , . Extremozyme. , Historical Development in . Enzymology. , . Characteristics of enzymes, Enzyme Vs Chemical Catalysts. , Enzyme mechanism & Activation Energy, Enzyme Specificity, Fischer and . 6.4 Cloning & Biotechnology. Learning Objectives. Understand the methods used for immobilising enzymes.. Understand the advantages of using immobilised enzymes.. Enzymes as Catalysts. Enzymes are used to speed up chemical (metabolic) reactions e.g. respiration or photosynthesis- so why use enzymes in industry?. Are specific for . what they . catalyze . and do not permanently change during reactions. End in the word -. ase. Function of Enzymes. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy needed to start a reaction). . Splints/Immobilizers. Casts. Traction. External Fixation. Internal Fixation. Why? . Splints. , casts, and braces support and protect broken bones, dislocated joints, and injured soft tissues such as tendons and ligaments. Immobilization restricts motion to allow the injured area to heal. It can help reduce . 1. What are enzymes?. Each enzyme has only one specific reaction it can perform. . 2. How many different reactions can a single enzyme perform?. Yes, the same enzyme molecule can be used over and over. LECTURE NOTES FOR WILDLIFE CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION WRITTEN BY: KABASI BONIFACE - 0655078042 ASSISTED BY: BAYO MARTIN J. - 0762181639 APPROVED BY: CHAMBA, Isaac Yohana AUTHOR PROF . BATAMUZI E GAME CAPTURE/IMMOBILIZATION Factors affecting enzymatic reactions. Enzymes specificity. Enzymes kinetics and mechanism of action. Control of metabolic pathways. Enzymes inhibition. Enzymes in clinical diagnosis. Enzymes and genetic diseases. that . catalyze. (. i.e.. , . increase or decrease the rates. of) . chemical reactions. .. . In enzymatic reactions, the . molecules. at the beginning of the process are called . substrates. , and they are converted into different molecules, called the .