Things to know Motivation amp Emotion Human motivation is complex amp while there are a number of theories none by itself sufficiently explains our behavior Biological motivation includes the role of the ID: 544454
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Slide1
Motivation – Hunger Slide2
Things to know - Motivation & Emotion:
Human motivation is complex
, & while there are a number of theories, none by itself sufficiently explains our behavior.
Biological motivation includes the role of the hypothalamus, which maintains a state called homeostasis.Theories of social motivation, including the need for achievement & hierarchy of needs, show the importance of understanding motivation in the context of our environments.Emotions can be explained through a variety of theoretical perspectives, each arguing that emotion emerges in conjunction with physiological response to stimuli.Slide3
What Triggers Hunger?
Physiology
Homeostasis
Set PointHormonesInsulin/GlucagonGhrelin/LeptinHypothalamusVMH (satiety)LH (hunger
)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8Slide4Slide5
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Hunger
Eating comes naturally
If it was entirely learnedyou would probably starve before learning it
BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION:
Hypothalamus
: region of brain most often
associated w/ motivation
Motivation
:
feeding, fighting, fleeing, & sexual reproduction
.
Physiology of Hunger
Washburn
:
showed hunger partially related to the stomach.**However, those persons who have had their stomachs removed still feel hunger.
Glucose:
hormone
insulin
converts
glucose
to
fat
.
When
glucose levels drop:
HUNGER INCREASESSlide6
The Physiology of Hunger
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.Slide7
Physiology of Hunger
Washburn
: showed
hunger partially related to the stomach.**However, those persons who have had their stomachs removed still feel hunger.BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION:Hypothalamus: region of brain most often associated w/ motivationMotivation: feeding, fighting, fleeing, & sexual reproduction.
Glucose:
hormone
insulin
converts
glucose
to
fat
.
When
glucose levels drop: HUNGER INCREASESSlide8
1960s: Discovered that hunger comes from the Brain.
The Hypothalamus
The BrainSlide9
Hypothalamic Centers
Lateral hypothalamus
(LH) brings on hunger. Destroy it and the animal will starve.
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (stimulation). Destroy it and the animal eats excessively.Richard HowardSlide10
Summary of Hypothalamus & Hunger
Along lower middle section of hypothalamus is the
ventromedial hypothalamus
: depresses hungerStimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus & the animal will stop eatingLesion the ventromedial hypothalamus the animal will continuously want to eat.Along the sides of the hypothalamus is the lateral hypothalamus:
which
brings on hunger.
Stimulate
the
lateral hypothalamus
& even a well fed animal will begin to eat.
Lesion
the
lateral hypothalamus
& a starving animal will have no interest in food.Slide11
Biological Factors of Hunger
2.
Basal Metabolic Rate
: Each person burns food at a different rate & expends energy with different efficiency. A person with a high metabolic rate can eat more without gaining weight than someone who is just as active, but has a lower metabolic rate.3. Body Set Point: Just as we have a temperature “thermostat” that keeps our body temp within an acceptable range, one theory suggests that we have a weight “set point.” Newer research suggests we have a “settling point” – a range of normal weights within which we can vary.
4.
Taste sensation:
Tastes is an important factor when we first begin eating.
It encourages us to continue.
1. Activity of the
lateral & medial hypothalamus
. Slide12
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Set Point Theory
Hypothalamus
acts
as a
thermostat
.
We are
meant to be in a certain weight range
.
When we
fall below weight our body will increase hunger
&
decrease energy expenditure
(Basal Metabolic Rate)What happens if we go above our set point?Theory states we will auto correct to lower point.Slide13
Set-Point Theory
Manipulating lateral and ventromedial
hypothalamus
alters the body’s “weight thermostat”…predisposing us to keep our bodies at a steady weight.If weight is lost (go below set point) – food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases. If weight is gained (go above set point) – the opposite takes place.Slide14
Set-Point Theory
To maintain set point, the body not only adjusts food intake and energy output, it also adjusts its
basal metabolic rate
, the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure, dropping when less activity is occurringNot all researchers believe in idea of a set point b/c believe that slow, sustained changes in body weight can change set pointSlide15
The Psychology of Hunger
External incentives…
eat because triggered by the presence of food, especially tasty (high fat/calorie) food
Eating by the “clock”… eat because it is “time” to eat lunch/dinnerSocial eating… eat at an event because you are “expected” toStress and depression… eat more/less and different types of foodsOther eating cues… holidays or watching TV/movieSlide16
Hunger Drive Hunger is probably the most researched of all physiological needs. Arises from a complex mixture ofexternal and internal factors:
External Factors
Internal Factors
Stress - A person may eat to counteract negative feelings produced by stress. (Stress- unpleasant, Eating pleasant) Certain foods release the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect. Eating habits - Eating at fixed times of the day, regardless of hunger. Food-related cues - Eat because food is appealing to you, even though you are not hungry. Eating dessert even though you are full. Presence of eating cues - If you always have a snack an hour before going to bed, when the cock reaches that hour, it motivates you to go and get food - hungry or not.Hypothalamus - 2 factors, one monitors chemicals related to the amount of glucose in the body. When glucose drops, the hypothalamus produces sensation of hunger. After the need has been met, other chemicals are released that signal the feeling that you are full. A second homeostatic system measures the amount of fats and amino acids stored in the body's cells. When their levels drop too low, hunger signals are switched on. Basal Metabolic Rate - Each person burns food at a different rate and expends energy with different efficiency. A person with a high metabolic rate can eat more without gaining weight than someone who is just as active, but has a lower metabolic rate. Body (basal) Set Point - Falling below that "set point" of weight triggers biological processes that cause us to get hungry more often. Taste Sensation - Tastes is an important factor when we first begin eating. It encourages us to continue. Before long, the taste buds begin to shut down so that we are willing to stop eating when we are full.Slide17
Hunger & eating are governed in part by a variety of food-related cues.
Schachter
found that
obese subjects would eat more than non-obese subjects when they were told it was much later in the afternoon than it actually was. Also, they would eat more of a tasty ice cream product than one that was not as tasty.Slide18
Taste Preference: Biology or Culture?
Body chemistry and environmental factors together influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for!
Beijing street market fareSlide19Slide20
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
:
Characterized by a normal-weight person (usually adolescent women) losing (dramatic amounts) weight continuously and yet still feeling overweight.Reprinted by permission of The New England Journal of Medicine, 207, (Oct 5, 1932), 613-617.Lisa O’Connor/ Zuma/ CorbisSlide21
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
:
A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.Binge eating: recurrent binge eating without any type of “purging as in bulimiaSlide22
Body Image (Women)
Western culture tends to over-emphasize thin body image more than other cultures…
Cultures who put more emphasis on appearance have higher rates of eating disordersSlide23
Summary of HungerSlide24
Activities Motivational Music—connect music to motivational theories Maslow’s Hierarchy
Handout—apply Maslow’s needs to your own. What helps you reach self-actualization? Slide25
NEXT CLASS
No HOMEWORK tonight
.
We’re going to study “sex and belongingness” reading guide and activities in class. Next class: You’ll be assigned an activity on the computer.Then you and your family will need to fashion out how to study and learn about “sex and belongingness”