Video: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - PowerPoint Presentation

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Video: Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsSlide2

Psychology –

Unit 6

–

Motivation &

Emotio

n:

Hunger

Hunger is

physiological

,

social

&

psychological

.Slide3

5 things

to know about Motivation & Emotion

...

Human motivation is complex

, and while there are a number of theories, none by itself sufficiently explains our behavior.

Biological motivation

includes the role of the

hypothalamus,

which maintains a state called

homeostasis

.Theories of social motivation, including the need for achievement and the hierarchy of needs, show the importance of understanding motivation in the context of our environments.Emotions can be explained through a variety of theoretical perspectives, each arguing that emotion emerges in conjunction with physiological response to stimuli.Slide4

Hunger Games - Ironic?Slide5
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In the 60’s it was discovered that hunger comes from…

The Hypothalamus

The BrainSlide8

Physiology of Hunger

Washburn’s studies showed

hunger was partially related to the stomach

.

But those

persons who have had

their

stomachs removed still feel hunger.

BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION

:

Hypothalamus is the region of the brain most often associated with motivation. Plays an important role in the

motivation for feeding, fighting, fleeing,

&

sexual reproduction

.

Glucose

The hormone

insulin

converts

glucose

to

fat

.

When

glucose levels drop

:

HUNGER INCREASESSlide9

BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION

Evidence

: The

lateral hypothalamus

provides motivation

for hunger or feeding:

Lesion

lateral hypothalamus

in a rat,

the rat will lose its appetite. The rat will experience a form of anorexia in which it will not be hungry &, therefore, will not eat. --------------------------------------------------

Evidence

: The

ventromedial hypothalamus

as

the satiety center

(part of the brain that tells you that you are full)

:

Lesion

the

ventromedial hypothalamus

,

the rat will

not

feel full

.

The rat

will continue to eat well beyond what is normally expected. Slide10

Summary of The Hypothalamus

&

Hunger

Along the lower middle section of the hypothalamus is the

ventromedial hypothalamus

: which

depresses hunger.

Stimulate

the

ventromedial hypothalamus

& the animal will stop eatingLesion the ventromedial hypothalamus the animal will continuously want to eat.

Along the sides of the hypothalamus is the

lateral hypothalamus

:

which

brings on hunger.

Stimulate

the

lateral hypothalamus

&

even a well fed animal will begin to eat.

Lesion

the

lateral hypothalamus

&

a starving animal will have

no interest in food

.Slide11

LATERAL AREA:

“Start center”

for hunger

VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS:

“Stop center”

for hunger

Is there more to this than a simple start

&

stop center?

Probably.Contemporary theories on hunger focus on neural circuits within the hypothalamus.Slide12

How does the hypothalamus work?

2 Theories

1.

Leptin Theory

:

protein

produced by bloated fat cells.Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin

&

will curb eating & increase activity.Can leptin injections help

you lose weight?

2.

Set Poin

t Theory

:

Hypothalamus

acts like a

thermostat

.

We are

meant to be in a certain weight range

.

When we

fall below weight our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure

(Basal Metabolic Rate).

What happens if we go above our set

point?Slide13

H

omeostasis

:

tendency of all organisms to maintain a balanced state

.

When we are too cold, the hypothalamus releases hormones that cause us to shiver and seek out warmth or put on clothing. When we have not had enough sleep, we are likewise pushed to slow down as we yawn and struggle to keep our eyes open.

Homeostasis helps us to return to this

balance

when we deviate from our normal state.Slide14
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Mopani worms

, which look like

caterpillars

in appearance.

H

abitat

:

the

mopani

trees of South Africa. Somewhat stringy, this exotic food is usually fried, grilled or cooked, spiced with chilli

&

often eaten with peanuts.

Virgin eggs

(

童子蛋

) are

chicken eggs cooked in the urine of young boys

.

Centuries old tradition

in

Dongyang

City,

China

.

T

he street food has been officially listed as one of the city's cultural heritage. Slide16

The Biological Factors of Hunger

2.

Basal Metabolic Rate

:

Each person burns food at a different rate

&

expends energy with different efficiency.

A person with a high metabolic rate can eat more without gaining weight than someone who is just as active, but has a lower metabolic rate.

3.

Body Set Point: Just as we have a temperature “thermostat” that keeps our body temp within an acceptable range, one theory suggests that we have a weight “set point.” Newer research suggests we have a “settling point” – a range of normal weights within which we can vary.

4.

Taste sensation

:

Tastes is an important factor when we first begin eating.

It encourages us to continue.

1. Activity of the

lateral & medial hypothalamus

.

(see previous slides)Slide17
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Taste Preferences

Food taste better and we chew less

when we are hungry

(beginning of a

meal).Food tastes worse and we chew more when we are not hungry (at the end of the meal).

Its strange, the better the food tastes, the less time we leave it in our mouths!Slide19
Slide20

Hunger

&

eating are governed in part by a variety of food-related cues.

Schachter

found that

obese subjects would eat more than non-obese subjects

when they were told it was much

later in the afternoon

than it actually was.

Also, they would eat more of a tasty ice cream product than one that was not as tasty.Slide21
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Do a

dvertisements impact

your eating habits?Slide23

Video: Junk Food - How addictive is it?Slide24

Social Eating

Celebration Eating

Cultural EatingSlide25

YouTube: Discovering Psychology - Motivation & Emotion (27:39)Slide26

Video: Psychology 101 - Motivation - HungerSlide27

Politicians understand the power of food!Slide28

Video: Dove EvolutionSlide29

Video: The Photoshop EffectSlide30

Maslow's theory

implies that motivation to perform well academically must wait upon the

satisfaction of lower-level motives

.

It may be possible to link motivation to perform well in school with other motives that are already stronger, such as the

need for affiliation

.

Success along these lines will require understanding the nature of individual differences in levels of these other motives.People with

different levels of achievement motivation respond differently

depending upon levels of challenge.

Fear of failure also influences efforts toward achievement.You are a university counselor

who wants to

develop a program to improve academic performance

. You believe that many students perform poorly because of

motivational problems

, including

simple lack of motivation

as well as being

motivated by the wrong things

. What are some of the

considerations

that should guide the design of your program?

Slide31

Remember that motivation can be influenced by incentives.

Expectancy-value models

can be useful here.

S

ome motives are biological

,

some social

.

One's level of motivation to perform well

in school depends on social experiences

and can thus be manipulated through social experience.You are a university counselor who wants to

develop a program to improve academic performance

. You believe that many students perform poorly because of

motivational problems

, including

simple lack of motivation

as well as being

motivated by the wrong things

. What are some of the

considerations

that should guide the design of your program?

Slide32

Compare and contrast

sexual motivation

with the basic motives of

hunger

&

thirst

.

How well do the concepts of

drive

& homeostasis contribute to understanding sexual motivation? All are biologically based

, though

hunger & thirst are necessary for individual survival

. Sex is not

(though some individuals might argue this point)

.

All 3 seem to conform to the definition of

"drive."

Slide33

Compare and contrast

sexual motivation with the basic motives of hunger and thirst.

How well do the concepts of

drive

and

homeostasis

contribute to understanding

sexual motivation?

HOWEVER,

sexual motivation is not driven by

deprivation as much as the other two, so that its satisfaction is not as easily explained in terms of homeostasis or maintaining equilibrium. Sexual motivation in humans appears to be more under the influence of incentives than are hunger and thirst.All are influenced by a complex network

of biological & social factors.

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