Personality Testing Achievement Motivation Theories of Arousal Arousal and Performance Unit 1 Personality Arousal and Anxiety Contents Personality Types Trait Theory Interactionalist Theory ID: 494314
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Personality TypesPersonality TestingAchievement MotivationTheories of ArousalArousal and Performance
Unit 1- Personality, Arousal and AnxietySlide2
ContentsPersonality Types
Trait
Theory
Interactionalist TheoryHollander’s ModelTrait V InteractionalistEysenck’s ModelNarrow Band TheorySocial LearningPersonality TestingObservations, Questionnaires and SurveyProfile of Mood States (POMS)Encouraging NACH behaviour
Achievement Motivation
Achievement Motivation
Characteristics of NACH and
NAF
Encouraging NACH behaviour
Arousal
Cognitive and Somatic Arousal
Drive Theory
Inverted U Hypothesis
Optimal Arousal
Catastrophe Theory
Peak Flow experience
Zone of Optimal FunctioningSlide3
Trait theoryTrait theory was based on 3 assumptions…
Tendency to behave is stable and unchanging
Tendency to behave is consistent in all different situations
Each person has a unique combination of dispositionsCriticismDoesn’t explain why our behaviour may change in different situationsSocial learning theory- learn by copying others (significant others, friends etc.)Slide4
Interactionalist theory
Interactionalist theorists built on the work by the Trait theorists
They suggested that our behaviour depends upon what traits we have inherited and how these are influenced by our environment.
So we can split personality up into…Traits (Internal) Environment (external)This suggests that our behaviour should be predictable in certain environments HoweverBehaviour may be different as the environment changesSlide5
Hollander’s Model
Social environment
Psychological Core
Inner core of beliefs, values and attitudesFairly permanent, unlikely to changeTypical responsesResponses to a situation show our coreDifferent core will lead to different responsesRole-related behaviourShows our actual responses to a certain situationMost changeable aspect of personalityBehaviour will vary depending onHow we feel?The situation we are in?Slide6
Trait V InteractionalistInteractionalist
Trait
How we behave depends on
both our inner core and the environment which we are put it.We inherit traits that define our personality, greater emphasis is place on the inner core.Key difference- Emphasis placed upon the effect the environment has on your chosen behaviourFederer?Slide7
Eysenck’s ModelPersonality lies on two continua…Extroversion ------- Introversion
Stability ------- Neurosis
Extrovert
Introvert
Like social situations
Outgoing
Likes an audience
Become bored easily.
(RAS) Reticular activated system- not easily stimulated
Dislikes Social situations
Reserved
Dislikes an audience
Easily over aroused
Stable
Neurotic
Reliable
Consistent
Calm
Unpredictable
Restless
Volatile Slide8
Narrow Band TheoryBased on Trait theory as it suggests personality is innate…
Type A
Type B
High stress/arousal levelsLow stress/arousal levelsCompetitiveNot concerned with competitionLacks tolerancePatientNeeds to be in control of taskDoesn’t need to be in control of taskFast workerWorks slowlySlide9
Social LearningInteractionalist approach as it suggests personality is not innate but learned form our experiences…
Behaviour changes according to situation
Therefore cannot be predicted
Significant othersParents, peers, coaches, teachers and role models in mediaSocialisationAccepting and conforming to the ‘norms’ReinforcementIf appropriate behaviour is praised more likely to repeatAlso works with seeing others praisedSlide10
Personality testing3 main formats… Interviews Observations Questionnaires
Tests lack Reliability… (results may not be consistent)
May change their behaviour if the know they are being watched
May be inhibited by wearing a Heart rate monitorPerformers may not give truthful answersInterpreting behaviour during observations is largely subjectiveTests also lack Validity… (Results may not give any useful information)How people act playing sport may not be how they are day-to-dayLittle evidence to support idea of ‘sporting’ personalitySlide11
Profile of Mood States (POMS)Some research has illustrated a difference between more and less successful sportsman
Based on mood states and ability to cope rather than personality traits
Measures the following…
Tension, Depression, Anger, Vigour, Fatigue, Confusion
Iceberg Profile
Successful athletes tend to score…
Higher on anger and vigour
Lower on tension, depression, fatigue and confusion
Can also show when overtraining is happening in elite performers- reduced Vigour
Chicken and egg scenario?
Elite become Iceberg or Iceberg become
E
lite?Slide12
Achievement MotivationCompetitiveness is a key factor for distinguishing sport from
recreation
It has been suggested that in
demanding situations performers exhibit either…A Need to Achieve (NACH)OrA Need to avoid Failure (NAF)This displays the level of competitiveness shown by an individualSlide13
Characteristics of NACH and NAF
NACH Characteristic
NAF
CharacteristicsShows ‘approach’ behaviourShows ‘avoidance’ behaviourSeeks out challengesAvoids challenge- prefers very easy or very hard tasks (guaranteed success or failure)Is concerned with standardsAvoids situations where success is unknown and could be evaluatedEnjoys being evaluatedPerforms worse while being evaluatedNot afraid to failTends to be preoccupied with failureAttributes performance to internal factorsAttributes performance to external factorsHigh task persistenceLacks task persistenceValues feedback form others
Doesn’t
value feedbackSlide14
Encouraging NACH behaviourAvoidance behaviour
arises due to…
Lack of self confidence
High anxietyLearned helplessnessAttributing failure internallyTo generate NACH Approach behaviour…Ensure success by setting achievable process goalsSteadily increase complexity of taskRaise confidence by giving positive re-inforcementHighlight successful role-models with comparable characteristicsAttribute internally for success- Ability or EffortSlide15
Cognitive and Somatic arousalCognitive arousal
Somatic arousal
Increased focus and concentration
Heightened awareness of cues in environmentNarrowing of attentionDecreased reaction time (To a point)However if over arousal occurs it can lead to:-Anxiety and apprehensionTensionNegative self-talkDifficulties sleepingInability to concentrateIncreased heart rateIncreased breathing rateSweatingHeadacheCold, clammy handsDry mouthDazed look in eyesFeeling on nauseaIncreased muscle tensionButterflies in stomachConstant need to urinateDefined as a state of heightened psychological activityAs a performer you will have experienced various levels of arousal and recognise both the physical (Somatic) and mental (Cognitive) signs.Slide16
Drive Theory (Hull, 1943)Proposed a
linear
relationship
between arousal and performanceAs arousal increases so will quality of performanceHigher levels of arousal would intensify the dominant responseFor Elite performers this is likely to be correct responseFor beginners likely to be incorrect responseSpence and Spence (1968) adapted it using an equation:-Performance = Habit strength x drive
Now considered an inadequate explanation
When arousal reaches a high enough point performance will not improve
RonaldoSlide17
Inverted U Hypothesis (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908)
Suggests that performance will increase with arousal to an optimum point.
However if you go beyond that point then performance will decrease
From observations this seems to fit very well, however, it is too simplisticDoes it apply equally to the different phases of learning?Does it apply to all sports performance in the same way? Slide18
Optimal ArousalPhase of Learning
Beginners find it more difficult to cope with arousal
Less habitual (Similar to Drive theory)
Need to give more attention to the skill itself and arousal levels may take concentration awayRely heavily on environmental cues, may miss what is unexpected
Performance
Arousal
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
Performance
Arousal
Fine/
Complex
Gross/
Simple
Nature of the Skill
Can vary according to the skill being performed
Gross skills benefit from higher levels of arousal then fine skills
Shot Putt compared to Archery
Varies
within a sport dependant upon role
Rugby forwards compared to backs
Lion's team talkSlide19
Catastrophe theoryBased upon Inverted U theory but differs in what happens during over arousal…
Inverted U suggests gradual decline
Catastrophe theory suggests much faster and more dramatic decline
More of a model than a theory as it attempts to predict human behaviour rather than explain itPerformanceArousal
A
B
C
D
A-
Performer reaches Optimum level of arousal
High cognitive anxiety but low Somatic arousal
B-
Performer has sudden reduction in performance
High cognitive and High Somatic arousal
C-
Possible that performance will continue to deteriorate
D-
Performer gradually regains control as arousal levels decrease
The worst over ever?Slide20
Peak Flow ExperiencePositive Psychological state, achieved by performers when…
The level of challenge matches their skill
They have a clear goal
They have correct attentional styleThey have a positive attitudeThey have control of their arousals levelsTo reach the “Zone” performers should be given a realistic yet challengingChallenge HighChallenge LowSkill Level Low
Skill Level High
Anxiety
Apathy
Boredom
PEAK FLOWSlide21
Zone of Optimal Functioning (ZOF)
In the Zone
Out of Zone
Out of Zone In the ZoneOut of Zone Out of Zone In the Zone Performer A- Low ZOF
Performer B-
Moderate ZOF
Performer C-
High ZOF
Level of Arousal
The Zone (ZOF) is a mental state which performers experience when everything is perfect
Characteristics of the ZOF…
Performing at optimal arousal
Feeling completely calm
Fully concentrating on the task
Feeling completely confident (Success inevitable)
Performing smoothly and efficiently
Performers will often have limited memory of event- Autopilot