Topic 2 European Colonization of North America - PowerPoint Presentation

Topic 2 European Colonization of North America Lesson 1 - Spanish Colonization and New Spain (Pages 55-69) and Lesson 2 –The First French, Dutch, and English Colonies (Pages 66-77) Reading Support Questions, Answers, and Other Important Notes

Lesson 1 – Spanish Colonization of North America Pages 55-65

Who Were the Conquistadors? The Spanish were able to defeat the Aztec and Inca even though those native peoples had built great empires. Why were the Spanish successful? Identify 3 advantages that the Spanish had over the Aztec and Inca, along with 2 disadvantages. THE CONQUISTADORS (Spanish conquerors) Advantages Disadvantages More sophisticated military equipment. Greater mobility because of horses. Greater immunity to European diseases because of previous exposure to them. Alliances with American Indians who were enemies of the Aztec. Aztec initially welcomed the Spanish because Moctezuma thought Cortes might be a god. Incas weakened by in-fighting. Fighting in foreign lands with which they were at first unfamiliar. Smaller number of soldiers than the Aztec or Inca. Did not know native languages or cultures.

Hernando Cortes He was a conquistador who had heard rumors of a fabulously wealthy American Indian empire in Mexico. He set sail for Mexico in 1519 in search of gold with only about 600 soldiers and 16 horses.

2. Which do you think was the most important advantage that the Spanish had? Explain your answer. POSSIBLE ANSWERS : More immunity to European diseases OR both the Aztec and Inca had great empires which could not have happened if they had not been good fighters. (Also, guns back then were not as reliable as they are today and bows and arrows could be very deadly.) Why Did the Spanish Explore Lands to the North? 3. What details in the text show that the Spanish took great risks to discover new lands? Panfilo Narvaez POSSIBLE ANSWER : On the journey north, expedition leader Panfilo Narvaez and some of his men were killed at sea when a storm hit their fleet in the Gulf of Mexico. Survivors made it to land but were captured by Indians and held prisoner. A few men escaped and started out on foot in search of a Spanish settlement, but it took years before they reached a town, and by then they had walked more than 1,000 miles.

Two Reasons the Spanish (Hernando de soto ) Had For Not Focusing on Their *Northern Borderlands No riches were found…NOT SUCCESSFUL!! They faced too much Indian resistance (*Land that spanned the present-day southern U.S. from Florida to California)

Colonizing New Spain 4A. What were the reasons Spain established colonies? B. How do historians summarize these reasons? A. (1) To create wealth, either directly through farming and trade, or indirectly through searching for gold; (2) To spread Christianity; (3) To satisfy a thirst for adventure. B. Historians summarize these reasons as “Gold, God, and Glory.” 5. How were pueblos, presidios, and missions similar? How were they different? Similar - All were created to help Spanish colonize the Americas and provide the Spanish with places to live. Different – Pueblos were towns with homes and shops. They were centers of farming and trade. Presidios were forts where solders lived. Missions were religious settlements built to help spread Christianity

Pueblos revolt against Spanish Missionaries in New Mexico The Spanish tried to destroy any trace of traditional Pueblo Indians’ religious practices. They also subjected them to severe punishments. The outcome was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.

Pueblos, Presidios, and Missions

How Was Society Organized in New Spain? 6. Which of the following was the highest class of new Spanish society? Peninsulares 1 st (top) – Peninsulares – were born in Spain; held the highest government and jobs in the Church; owned large tracts of land as well as rich gold and silver mines. 2 nd – Creoles – people born in the Americas to parents of Spanish origin; wealthy and well educated; owned farms and ranches, taught at universities, practiced law.3rd – Mestizos – people of mixed Spanish and Indian background; worked on farms and ranches owned by peninsulares and creoles; worked as carpenters, shoemakers, tailors, and bakers; came to be largest class of people. 4th (bottom)– Indians – the lowest class in the colonies; in early years – the largest class; kept in poverty for hundreds of years.

7A. To what does Bartolome’ de las casas compare American Indians in the quote from tears of the Indians? B. What point is he trying to make? How Was Society Organized in New Spain? A. Las Casas compares American Indians to animals. B. The comparison makes the point that American Indians had fewer freedoms than animals because even animals were allowed to graze in the fields.

***Add the information (in RED) to the bottom of page 3 of the Lesson 1 Reading Support*** Bartolome’ de las casas’ efforts to protect American Indians He went to Spain asking the King to protect the Indians’ civil rights. In the 1540’s, the royal government pass laws prohibiting the enslavement of American Indians. The laws also allowed Indians to own cattle and grow crops. Few officials in New Spain enforced the new laws or took the time to think about Indians’ basic human needs. Most officials just ignored the laws.

The Transatlantic Slave Trade 8. Bartolome’ de las casas argued that Africans should replace Indian laborers in the Americas. What reasons did he give? Las Casas thought Africans were less likely to die from European diseases and would suffer less, because they were used to doing hard farm work in their homelands. 9. What was the effect of the transatlantic slave trade? The transatlantic slave trade encouraged the growth of efforts to enslave people in Africa and the transport of up to 10 million Africans to the Americas against their will. De Las Casas regretted suggesting the use of Africans when he realized they suffered as much as the Indians while enslaved.

Lesson 2 – The French, Dutch, and English Colonies Pages 66-77

How did European Rivalries Affect Exploration? 1A. Why did traders want to find a northwest passage? (**northwest passage - a waterway through or around north America)B. How did the search benefit explorers though it was unsuccessful? A. Traders stood to save time and money if a **northwest passage were found because it would reduce the length of sea voyages between Europe and Asia . B. Even though it was unsuccessful, benefits included new maps of regions previously undiscovered or unexplored by Europeans and new information about North America’s natural resources. 2. Why do you think a northwest passage was so difficult to find?There was no such passage in regions of North America that were not icy. Explorers before the 1900’s were not equipped to deal with the ice along North America’s arctic north coast.

How Did New France Develop? 3. How were the coureurs de bois like other colonists in New France? How were they different? COUREURS DE BOIS OTHER FRENCH COLONISTS Lived largely free of the control of the French government Lived on farms Made their living by farming Both groups came to the colonies to seek new opportunities Lived in the woods Made a living mainly by fishing, trapping, and trading Maintained friendly relations with American IndiansDid not interfere with American Indian lands Waged war against American IndiansLived under the control of strict government ruled by the French king

Where Did the Dutch Establish New Netherlands? 4. What details in the text show that New netherland had a diverse, or varied, population?The text quotes a Roman Catholic priest who visited New Amsterdam in 1643. He reported that “there may well be four or five hundred men of different sects and nations: the Director General told me that there were men of eighteen different languages.”

In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh sent about 100 men set sail across the Atlantic to establish a North American colony for England. They landed on Roanoke, an island off the coast of present day, North Carolina.Within a year the colonists had run out of food and were fighting with neighboring American Indians. Tired and starving, they sailed home on an English ship. In 1587, Raleigh sent John White, from the first group of colonists, back to Roanoke with a new group of settlers. White went back to England for more supplies leaving 117 colonists, including his daughter, son-in-law, and granddaughter. His granddaughter was the first child born in North America. It was 3 years before he could return. To this day, they are called the Lost Colony because no one knows what happened to them. Roanoke (and Jamestown)

(Roanoke) and Jamestown, Virginia

Roanoke and Jamestown 5. What was the major benefit of Jamestown’s location?Security – because Jamestown was located in a place that Spanish ships would be unlikely to find and that would be hard for ships to attack because they traveled on larger bodies of water. 6. How did settlers in Jamestown affect the environment? Settlers in Jamestown cut down trees to plant tobacco.

How Did Colonists Improve Government? 7. The text says that, “the idea that people had political rights was deeply rooted in English history.” How did viriginia’s colonial government reflect that tradition? The government of Virginia gave the people a voice. Its House of Burgesses was an elected council (assembly) that worked with the governor to make the colony’s laws. The House of Burgesses signifies the beginning of a tradition of representative government ( voters elect representatives ) in the English colonies.

Growth of the Jamestown Colony The first two women arrived in Jamestown in 1608. In 1619, about 100 women would come to keep the men company. Most quickly married and had children. A greater number Africans also came in 1619. The larger number of these two groups arriving vastly changed the population of the colony. 8. Compare and contrast the rights of free African men in virginia in the 1640’s and in the early 1700’s In the 1640’s free African men could own property and had the same right to vote as white property owners. By the early 1700’s African property owners had lost their right to vote.In the late 1600’s new laws enabled white colonists in Virginia to enslave Africans for life, and as slavery expanded, free Africans lost rights.