KC 2.2 European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

KC 2.2

European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoplesSlide2

CONFLICT, CONFRONTATION, REBELLION, RESISTANCE

Bacon’s Rebellion

Stono

Rebellion

King Phillip’s WarSlide3

Life of a Slave

What was life like for a slave in the British colonies?Rice in the Carolinas

Tasks: clearing swamp, sowing seedlings (into mud w/ bare feet), harvest, threshing (remove rice from hull by pounding w/ mortal & pestle) & winnowing (separating using basket)

Environment in fields badSlide4
Slide5
Slide6

Slave Resistance

NYC- 1712Stono Rebellion- 1739Overt vs. CovertUsing perception as “dumb, childish” in stories, sabotage, slowing down work

Escape, rebellionSlide7
Slide8

"Pompey, how do I look?"

"O, massa

, mighty. You looks mighty."

"What do you mean 'mighty,'" Pompey?"

"Why,

massa, you looks noble.""What do you mean by 'noble'?""Why, suh, you looks just like a lion."

"Why, Pompey, where have you ever seen a lion?""I saw one down in yonder field the other day, massa.""Pompey, you foolish fellow, that was a jackass.""Was it, massa? Well, suh, you looks just like him."Slide9

Stono Rebellion

Largest slave revolt in colonial

America

Near

Stono

River- 20 m. from CharlestonProblem?Spain offering freedom to slaves  escapesFear of revolts by owners  whites arming selves, more vigilant about control of slavesSlide10

Sep. 9, 1739-

Jemmy + group of 20 slaves broke into storeOwner killed, arm selves w/ guns/ammo

Move southward

Plantation to plantation, killing, burning houses

Gain momentum as move south- military fashion, drums

Good owner/s spared, hidden by slavesSlide11

Response to Rebellion

Militia & local planters alerted  organized group to pursue slaves

Slaves found, fight ensued

Some resting, some drunk

Militia won  end of rebellion, death to most involved

If escaped, tracked down, arrested, executed

Slave who saved life of owner  freedom40 blacks, 21 whites deadSlide12

Response

Effort to control slave, slave behaviorFear of revolt intensifiedStricter slave codes (Negro Act of 1740)

How to treat slaves, punish them, dress them

No assembly among slaves

No reading, no writing

Little change until emancipation (1865)Slide13

How did the

Stono Rebellion affect the treatment of slaves in colonial America?Slide14

African Adaptations

Language, culture adapt to W. HemisphereSome preservation, autonomy

Oral tradition

Group worship

Ex:

Xnty + African religionsSome reject Xnty- religion of slaverholdersOthers hold on to promises of freedom in New Testament, Moses from Old Testament

Music, SongFoodSweet potato (yams), rice, okra, sorghum, black-eyed peas, peanutsSlide15

English Resources

Colonies need for labor increaseSlavery (tobacco)Demand for production/acquisition of commodities increase

Tobacco, furs

So what?

 goals of monarchs different from colonistsSlide16

Bacon’s Rebellion

Significance? Conflict w/ neighboring NAs

Pop.

u

prising vs. royal Gov. of VA

Land-sensitive colony = friction w/ NA groupsOrdinary colonists challenge planter eliteSlide17

Background

1670s- planter class in power in VALand, slaves, political officesHeadrights

, royal grants

 control 50% of land

Land not farmed leased to tenants

Freed IS issues?Hard to find land of own

 most lease landPrice of tobacco plummets (1670s)Slide18

William

Berekely = Gov. of VA (1642-1652, post-1660)Large land grants to council

Exempt land from taxation, friends b/c justices of peace, county judges

Legislature (

HoB

) bought off w/ land grants, appointments (sheriffs, tax collectors)Slide19

Result? Social unrest

Effect of HoB eliminating vote from landless freemen (1/2 of adult males)

Landed yeomen upset by low tobacco price, corruption in gov., “grievous taxations” that “utter ruin of us the poor commonalty.”Slide20

Frontier War

1675- population statisticsNA- 3,500

Euros- 38k

Africans- 2,500

NAs pushed to frontier

Treaty-guaranteed landSame land desired by landless former IS, poor freeholders demands for NA removal, expulsion, exterminationSlide21

Planters, Gov. ignore requests

Need high supply of tenants, laborersNeed to trade w/ Occaneechee

tribe (furs, skins)

Late 1675- fighting begins

VA militiamen murder 30 NAs , kill NA tribal leaders

 retaliation by NAs on plantations, 300 whites killedAgainst Gov. ordersSlide22

Response by Berkeley defensive

Frontier forts to stop NA intrusionsSettlers see as useless plot for high-taxes, possess tobaccoSlide23

Challenge to Gov.

NB = young, well-connected English migrantOn Gov. council, not in “inner circle”Different w/

Berkelel

on NA issue

Denied a military commission by Gov.

 mobilization of NB & neighbors vs. Nas

Berkeley saw as “rebels and mutineers” expulsion from council, arrestNB’s army force release, demand new elections for HoBSlide24

New

HoB

 reforms to curb power of Gov., council  voting rights back to landless freemen

BUT. . . Too late.

Poor farmers, servants resent gov. , planters, arrogance of wealthy/privileged

“A poor man who has only his

labour to maintain himself and his family pays as much [in taxes] as a man who has 20,000 acres.”Slide25

NB + 400 issue “Manifesto and Declaration of the People”

Demand removal of NAs, end to rule of wealthy “parasites”

“All the power and sway is got into the hands of the rich.”

NB army burn Jamestown, plunder plantationsSlide26

An End to the Conflict

Oct. 1676- NB dies of dysentery rebel army dispersed, estates of rebels seized, 23 hungSlide27

Effects of Bacon’s Rebellion

VA leader’s attempt to appease neighborsVA planters move from IS

 slave labor

In 1700s- planters + poorer whites vs. slaves as exploited workers

Ease in tension w/ free people

 generations of race based labor systemColonies = unfinished “worlds” searching for foundationsSlide28

In what ways was Bacon’s Rebellion symptomatic of social tensions in the colony of Virginia?Slide29

Smuggling

Goals/interests of Euro. Leaders DNE goals/interests of colonistsSalutary Neglect prior to 1763

Regulation, but little enforcement  ignoring lawsSlide30

Molasses Act of

1733Why?Mercantilism

 restrictions on manufacturing, shipping, trade partners (use of duties)

MA & Navigation Acts (1651) = attempt to restrict trade

Protect English business from Dutch competitors (shipping low)

Protect sugar in British West IndiesNot for revenueMolasses into NE for RUM

England not want NE purchasing from Dutch, Spanish- only British WI (Jamaica, Barbados)Slide31

Issue for colonial producers

Supply of molasses drop, price increase (duty, less rum manufactured)

 loss of market share

Duty paid takes 100% of value of rum (profits = 0)Slide32



smuggling molasses from French/Spanish colonies @ lower priceBribe to customs (NY/Mass) = half a

penny/gallon

If caught, freed by American juries

Bring £330

sterling in its first year£76 annually in 1738-1741Below the cost to administer it.Slide33

1763- Charles Townshend

Pres. of Board and Trade

 use to ra

ise

revenue

Reduce rate- 6d to 2d/gallon of molasses. Idea? Traders pay the lower, less smuggling

Enforce collection - 1763 Hovering Act. 1764- replaced by Sugar Act (tax at 3d)Slide34

CONFLICT ENSUES

Competition over resources b/t Euro. rivals  conflict b/t groups of colonizers & natives

Conflict in Europe spreads to N. America

French v. Dutch v. British v. Spanish

Alliances, trade, arming of NA groups

 instabilitySlide35

Confrontations with Natives

Why? Competition for resources, land b/t Euros

 conflict b/t colonies, NAs

Continuing contact b/t groups, increase in trade  cultural/demographic changes

Rival NA groups border colonies

 alliances w/ colonial groups based on interests, common enemies

Ex: Wampanoag/Plymouth, Mohegans/MBC/CT, Narragansetts/RISlide36

NA Warfare

Colonies ally w/ NA tribesProvide deadlier weaponsAlcohol

Reward for NA military action vs. enemies

 more intense, destructive NA warfareSlide37

King Phillip’s War: 1675 - 1676

Euro to NA ratio = 3:1Euros increase, NA decreaseMetacom

= Wampanoag leader

Coexistence?

At first, then unlikely

W adopt English ways/habitsRaising hogs, selling pork accusations of underselling Puritans  restricted trade of W tribe Slide38

Other issues: W kills hogs destroying corn fields

 persecution for violation of property

rights

Land issues

Conclusion?

Metacom decision that English must be expelled military alliance w/

Narragansetts, Nipmucks in 1675Next- attacks on white settlements in NE“burneing houses, taking

cattell, killing men & women & children: & carrying others captive.” –William Harris, settlerSlide39

Warning to Slide40

Fighting by NAs into 1676

End when NA groups run out of ammo+ MBC gov. bring in Mohegan, Mohawk warriorsMetacom

killed in fighting

Effects?

1/5 of English towns MBC, RI destroyed

1,000 settlers killed (5% of adult pop)Slide41

Puritan experiment challenged, but survived

NA loss much greater than PuritansFamine, disease, death in battle (4,500), slavery

End of NAs as independent peoples in southern NE

S

urviving NA groups move W, intermarry w/ Algonquin (allies w/ French)

RevengeDisplaced NA groups join French CatholicsAttack PuritansSlide42

How did New Englanders’ religious ideas influence their relations with neighboring Native American peoples?Slide43

Chickasaw Wars

1720–1725 and 1733-1743Chick. have strong relationship w/

Carolina English

Eng. Vs. France

 Chick. disruption of French shipping on MS Riv.  disruption w/ Fr. Colonies in CanadaSlide44

1720 - 1725

Chick. kill Fr. fur traderChick & Eng. think a spy

 Fr. Arming Choctaw, encourage attacks on Chicks

Chicks defend villages, fight off Chock

 Chick. cut off Fr. shipping on MS

Peace reached in 1724 b/t Chick and Chock

Fr. Agree in 1725Slide45

1729- Natchez rebel vs. French

 200 Fr. dead

Fr. Retaliate, kill/imprison Natchez

 Natchez join Chickasaws in 1730/1731

Refuge for Natchez

Anger FrenchChoc. refuse to attack Chick. Along

 Fr. Military expedition in 1736. . . failSlide46
Slide47

1739- another French attack w/ troops sent to destroy Chick…fail

 true signed b/t Chickasaw & France in 1740

Chick. agree to Fr. boats on MS River

Smaller attacks persist until French defeat in Seven Years War (1763)