Sisters Enzyme Video 547 https wwwyoutubecomwatchvqgVFkRn8f10 Ricochet Science How Enzymes Work 120 https wwwyoutubecomwatchvUVeoXYJlBtI AP Biology Catalase Lab Walkthrough 645 ID: 917273
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Slide1
Enzymes
Slide2Enzyme Videos
Amoeba
Sisters Enzyme
Video (5:47):
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgVFkRn8f10
Ricochet Science How Enzymes Work (
1:20)
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVeoXYJlBtI
AP Biology Catalase Lab Walkthrough (6:45)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hs75JmgGW5Y
Slide3Book Work: Chapter 6, Section 2
(pgs 156-160 in the text)
In chemical reactions matter cannot be ___ or ___. This principle is called the law of ___.
In every chemical equation, the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the ___ side.
Tell how many atoms of each element are in the following compounds:
A. C6H12O6 (glucose) B. Ca(OH)2 C. Al2(SO4)3 Like all catalysts, the enzyme is not ____ by the chemical reaction. An enzyme’s name often describes what it does. What does amylase do?Like amylase, most enzymes are specific to ___ reaction.
Vocab (in yellow)
Questions (below) – WRITE OUT & answer
Slide4Book Work: Chapter 6, Section 2 [cont.]
(
pgs
158-160 in the text)
Enzymes are biological ___ that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.
A catalyst is a substance that lowers the _____ needed to start a chemical reaction.An enzyme’s _____ determines its functionSince an enzyme has a specific shape, how many different kinds of chemical reactions can one enzyme help with?An enzyme’s name often describes what it does. What does sucrase do? What does protease do? What does lipase do?When a person is bitten by a venomous snake, enzymes in the venom break down the membranes of a person’s ____ cells.Draw an energy diagram that shows the difference in energy needed to do a reaction without enzymes, and with enzymes.
Enzyme questions (below) – WRITE OUT & answer
Slide5Slide6Slide7Bellringer: Draw & label the picture below:
1
2
3
4
Enzyme
Slide8Bellringer: Draw & label the picture below:
1
2
3
Substrate
Slide9Before we get started on this section, there are 4 enzymes you need to know:
1. DNA Polymerase
2. RNA Polymerase
3. Helicase
4. Ligase
Slide10Polymerase Enzymes
Polymerase
enzymes build polymer molecules.
Examples include:
DNA Polymerase
(which builds DNA)RNA Polymerase (which builds RNA)
RNA
DNA
Slide11Helicase
The enzyme that “unzips” DNA
Ligase brings about “ligation” (or gluing together) of DNA
Slide12Enzymes
Slide13Proteins
Proteins are the structural building blocks of organisms.
A
protein
is a large molecule made up of smaller building blocks called
amino acids.Enzymes are a type of protein.
Slide14Chemical reactions of life
Processes of life
building
molecules (anabolism)
synthesis
breaking down molecules (catabolism)digestion
+
+
All of the
anabolic
and
catabolic
processes together in your body make up your
metabolism
.
Slide15Nothing works without enzymes!
How important are enzymes?
all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work
building molecules
synthesis enzymes
breaking down moleculesdigestive enzymesenzymes speed up reactions“catalysts”
+
+
enzyme
enzyme
We can
’
t live
without enzymes
!
Slide16Enzymes
Enzymes are catalysts
Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An
enzyme
is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction.
They speed up metabolic reactions, and/or get the reaction started.
Slide17Enzymes
This graph shows how using enzymes lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction.
With enzymes, reactions happen faster & need less energy (more energy efficient).
Slide18Enzymes are proteins
Each enzyme is specific to ONE kind of reaction!
each enzyme needs to be the
right shape
for the job
enzymes are named for the reaction they helpsucrase breaks down sucrose sugarprotease breaks down proteins
lipase
breaks down
lipids
DNA polymerase
builds
DNA
Oh, I get it!
They end
in -
ase
Slide19Enzymes aren’t used up
Enzymes are not changed by the reaction
used only temporarily
re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules
very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions
enzyme
substrate
product
active site
Slide20It’s shape that matters!
Lock & Key model
shape of protein
allows enzyme & substrate to fit
specific enzyme for each specific reaction
Slide211
2
3
Slide22Slide23Enzyme vocabulary
Enzyme
helper protein molecule
Substrate
molecule that enzymes work on
Products
what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction
Active site
part of enzyme
that substrate
molecule fits into
Slide24What affects enzyme action
Correct protein structure
correct order of amino acids
why? enzyme has to be right shape
Temperature
why? enzyme has to be right shapepH (acids & bases)why? enzyme has to be right shape
Slide25Order of amino acids
Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job!
DNA
DNA
chain of
amino acids
chain of
amino acids
folded
protein
folded
protein
right shape
!
wrong shape
!
Slide26Temperature
Effect on rates of enzyme activity
Optimum temperature
greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate
human enzymes
35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C)Raise temperature (boiling)denature protein = unfold = lose shapeLower temperature T°
molecules move slower
fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate
Slide2737°
Temperature
temperature
reaction rate
What’s happening here?!
human
enzymes
Slide28pH
Effect on rates of enzyme activity
changes in pH changes protein shape~
Denatures
most human enzymes = pH 6-8
depends on where in bodypepsin (stomach) = pH 3trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8
Slide297
pH
pH
reaction rate
2
0
1
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
stomach
pepsin
intestines
trypsin
What’s happening here?!
11
12
13
14
Slide30Slide31For enzymes…
What
matters MOST?
SHAPE
!
Slide32Enzyme Example
As your cells produce A.T.P., they give off CO2 as a waste product. Your blood then uses a special enzyme (carbonic anhydrase) to change the CO2 into carbonic acid so that it can be transported through your blood vessels to the lungs for elimination.
Slide33Enzyme Example
Without that enzyme, only about 2000 molecules of carbonic acid could be produced per hour; not NEARLY enough for life!
However, in the presence of carbonic anhydrase, your body can form about 600,000 molecules of carbonic acid
per second
(nearly a million fold increase!)
Slide34Substrates
Enzymes act on specific substances called
substrates
during a chemical reaction.
The place on the enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs is called the
active site.
Slide35Substrates
Slide36Enzymes
An enzyme will only work on a specific substrate!
Because only 1 substrate has the right shape to fit into the active site!
Slide37Sucrase, a great example
Slide38Enzyme Inhibitors
Inhibitors can compete with substrates and slow down enzyme activity by blocking the active site. (They bind to the active site)
Slide39Enzyme Inhibitors
Slide40Enzymes
Enzymes are designated by an “ase” ending on their name, while sugars are denoted by “ose” ending.
Slide41Enzymes
Usually an enzyme’s name will also give you a clue as to what substrate it works on.
Ex.- Protease (proteins), Lipase (lipids), Sucrase (sucrose sugar), Amylase (amylose starch)