Seventh Edition Elaine N Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body An Orientation Objectives An overview of anatomy and physiology Define anatomy and physiology Explain how anatomy and physiology are related ID: 639762
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Slide1
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 1
The Human Body:An OrientationSlide2
Objectives: An overview of anatomy and physiology
Define anatomy and physiology
Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.Slide3
The Human Body – An Orientation
Slide 1.1
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Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or functionSlide4
Anatomy – Levels of Study
Slide 1.2a
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Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 1.1Slide5
Anatomy – Levels of Study
Slide 1.2b
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Microscopic Anatomy
Very small
structures
Can only be viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4Slide6
Objectives: Levels of structural organization
Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related.
Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system.
Classify by organ system all organs discussed.Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible torso.Slide7
Levels of Structural Organization
Slide 1.3
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Figure 1.1Slide8
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.4
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Integumentary
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2aSlide9
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.5
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Skeletal
Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Figure 1.2bSlide10
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.6
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Muscular
Allows locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Figure 1.2cSlide11
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.7
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Nervous
Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2dSlide12
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.8
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Endocrine
Secretes regulatory hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2eSlide13
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.9
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Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Figure 1.2fSlide14
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.10
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Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2gSlide15
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.11
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Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2hSlide16
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.12
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Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2iSlide17
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.13
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Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulation of materials
Water
Electrolytes
Figure 1.2jSlide18
Organ System Overview
Slide 1.14
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Reproductive
Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2kSlide19
Objectives: Maintaining Life
List functions that humans must perform to maintain life.
List the survival needs of the human body.Slide20
Necessary Life Functions
Slide 1.15
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Maintain Boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and delivery of nutrientsSlide21
Necessary Life Functions
Slide 1.16a
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Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body
Production of energy
Making body structures
Excretion
Elimination of waste from metabolic reactionsSlide22
Necessary Life Functions
Slide 1.16b
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Reproduction
Production of future generation
Growth
Increasing of cell size and numberSlide23
Survival Needs
Slide 1.17a
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Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactionsSlide24
Survival Needs
Slide 1.17b
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Water
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriateSlide25
Objectives: Homeostasis
Define homeostasis and explain its importance.
Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function.Slide26
Homeostasis
Slide 1.18
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Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in diseaseSlide27
Maintaining Homeostasis
Slide 1.19a
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The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control centerSlide28
Maintaining Homeostasis
Slide 1.19b
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Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulusSlide29
Feedback Mechanisms
Slide 1.20a
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Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostatSlide30
Feedback Mechanisms
Slide 1.20b
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Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a babySlide31
Objectives: The language of anatomy
Describe the anatomical position verbally or demonstrate it.
Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes.
Locate the major cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.Slide32
The Language of Anatomy
Slide 1.21
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Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
StructuresSlide33
Orientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.22
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Table 1.1Slide34
Orientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.23
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Table 1.1 (cont)Slide35
Body Landmarks
Slide 1.24
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Anterior
Figure 1.5aSlide36
Body Landmarks
Slide 1.25
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Posterior
Figure 1.5bSlide37
Body Planes
Slide 1.26
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Figure 1.6Slide38
Body Cavities
Slide 1.27
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Figure 1.7Slide39
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Slide 1.28
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Figure 1.8aSlide40
Abdominopelvic Regions
Slide 1.29
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Figure 1.8bSlide41
Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Slide 1.30
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Figure 1.8c