Civil Rights and AA revision - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Civil Rights and AA revisionSlide2

Evaluating AA

L.O. to develop an understanding of AA.

AA

Legislation for AA

Republican views

Democrat views

Impact

Legislation AGAINST AASlide3

Legislation for AA

JFK – Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – federal fyund3ed projects had to use AA

1965 – LBKJ – Executive Order all fed government

contrattors

to use AA

Nixon – increased funding for EEOC, cerated quotas for minorities to have jobs on fed funded projects. 1978 – California VS Bakke – 5/4 Supreme Court rule in Bakke’s favour

that quotas were unconstitutionalAdarand

VS Pena – company did not get work despite offering lower costs. Job went to company using minority workers. Clinton supported the need for AA but also said – No quotas, no support for the unqualified applicants, must avoid reverse discrimination, Slide4

Read the article ‘Affirmative action evaluated’ Politics Review February 2011.

Answer the exam focus questions.

Use the reading and your 2018

ed 5 Bennett Text book to plan a response to the following exam question:

‘Assess the validity of the arguments for Affirmative Action’. Slide5

2  Explain the different arguments that have been advanced

against

affirmative action.

July 2011Slide6

Chart to show the progress of Affirmative Action in US History

Increased Affirmative action

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2018

Decreased Affirmative action

0

5

-5Slide7

Consolidating our knowledge of AA

L.O. to consolidate our knowledge of AA.

4  

What is affirmative action, and what are the justifications for it? (June 2010)

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks) Slide8

Decade

Describe actions

Impact

1960s

JFK – Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – federal fyund3ed projects had to use AA

1965 – LBKJ – Executive Order all fed government

contrattors

to use AA

1970s

Nixon – increased funding for EEOC,

cerated

quotas for minorities to have jobs on fed funded projects.

1978 – California VS Bakke – 5/4 Supreme Court rule in Bakke’s favour that quotas were unconstitutional.

SwannVS

Charlotte-Mecklenburg board of education - - SC unanimously

declarled

defactoi

segregation to be illegal leading to bussing.

1980s

1990s

1995

Adarand

VS Pena – company did not get work despite offering lower costs. Job went to company using minority workers. SC refused

to say if AA was or was not constitutional . Instead referred to ‘narrowly’ and ‘compelling’.

19

th

July 1995 - Clinton supported the need for AA but also said it needed ‘to

be mended, not ended’

– No quotas, no support for the unqualified applicants, must avoid reverse discrimination,

3

rd

No 1997 – Proposition 209 – all forms of AA banned in California.

Followed

byu

Washington State in 1998. Florida in 2000 (under Jeb Bush) . Supreme Court refused to review 209

1.

2.

3. AA has been undermined

and the SC has given its tacit support for this by refusing to review Proposition 209. Number of Black and Hispanic pupils in the more

eleite

colleges fell.

2000s

2003

– Gratz V Bollinger - SC made two rulings on Michigan Uni. Condemned ‘mechanistic’ admissions.

2003

Grutter

V Bollinger – University Law Schools system was upheld as it was ‘individualised’. Michigan had given all

minoritiy

entrants and additional 20 points needed to reach entry requirements.

Michigan Mandate – aim to make Universities representative of the population to enable the creation of a representative political leadership. Education here is attempting to create an integrated society.

2002

Andserson

– argues integration should be the AA aim. This enables a fully integrated society which is everyone’s aim. The end of AA is an integrated society it is a means to that end. With AA the cost needs to be considered. E.g. if

minoirity

doctors are less trusted by the population then the disadvantaged become more disadvantaged. (opinion reached by researcher Thomas Sowell)

2007 – Justice Sandra O’Connor stated that AA should be ended in 25 years as it had been 25 years since Bakke.

I.e

2032

Parents VS Seattle School District and Me5redith VS Jefferson County = SC struck down AA programs as they assigned pupils to schools on basis of race to create a balance. This is a set back to Swan VS Charlotte Mecklenburg which attempted to end de facto segregation. Chief

Juistice

Roberts said ‘ they way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race.’

Wilson and

DiJulio

summarise AA position:

a) Quotas are not illegal but will be scrutinised strictly, b) quotas

only used to correct ‘past/current discrimination’, c) discrimination has to be more than underrepresentation, d) if quotas are made by federal law they will be given greater respect as 14

th

gives Congress more power than states.

1 and 2 = race

amay

be used as a ‘plus factor’ so long as each

cpplicant’s

ability have been individually evaluated. SC agreed that AA should have an end date.

6. In 2007 some school systems no longer consider race at all in admissions.

2010s

CurrentSlide9

Civil Rights crash course

1865 – End of the Civil War Emancipation Proclamation

1860s – Southern Reconstruction and the Jim Crow Laws. Creation of the KKK.

1914 and 1945 – World Wars improve the lives of

Af Ams

.1948 – Army Desegregated1910 – 1970 Great Migration, creation of majority Af

Am districts concentrates the voting powers of Af Ams. De-facto segregation increases. Housing segregation peaks in 1970s.

1948 ‘To Secure these rights’ Commision set up by Harry S Truman. Dems begin to be the party of racial equality. 1954 – Justice Warren – Brown VS board of Topeka – Ike ‘Stupidest damned mistake I ever made’. 1957 – Little Rock – Massive

Resistenace in the South. 1955 – 1956 - Montgomery Bus Boycott

1963 – I have a dream

1964 – Freedom Rides. LBJ passes Civil Rights Act – illegalises discrimination on the basis of race. (Barry Goldwater losses)

1965 –

Voiting

Rights Act – increases voting in the south of

Af

Ams

. Selma marches – King in prison. Kids protest. Church bombings

1968 – Chicago –

1968 – 1970s –Black Panthers and Black Power.

1968 – Nixon wins – ‘silent

Mjority

’ win. Nixon rejects bussing.

1974 –

2013 – Trayvon Martin and BLMSlide10

AA and Civil rights questions

L.O. to develop an understanding of how other pupils answered questions and plan answers.Slide11

TWE are there divisions between the main political parties over racial and ethnic issues? June 2015 – 15 marks

AA – Dems Pro- 1996 Clinton mended not ended, JFK kick started AA, Obama remained

postivve

about AA, Saundra O’Connor supported AA up until 2028.

Reps anti – Nixon increased

fundeingfor the EEOC, but opposed bussing. Supported quotas. Ronald is anti-AA. Against positive discrimination, support a strict reading of the constitution, 14

th Amendment, Thomas says, ‘the way to stop racial discrimination is to stop discriminating on the basis of raceImiggration - DACA Obama allowed 100,000 dreamer children, Trump is

pledgeing to deport DACA children. Wall. Muslim travel ban – ‘Protecting the Nation from Foregin terrorist entry into the USA’. Obama ended the One-Foot dry foot policy.

Prison sentences – three strikes and your out Clinton policy = 37% Af Am population in prison.

Civil Rights – Dems pass 1964 and 1965 acts. Slide12

5  

Explain the main reasons why affirmative action has failed to end racial inequality

. 2013 (15 marks)Slide13

4

Explain the political impact of affirmative action since its introduction

. 2016

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks)

The political impact of affirmative action:

 initially there was bipartisan support for affirmative action programmes and

both Presidents Johnson and Nixon oversaw their introduction but since the 1970s it has contributed to party polarisation: the Republican

Party has been hostile to affirmative action and the Reagan administrationin particular actively sought to undermine it; since the Johnson presidency,

the Democratic Party has been consistently sympathetic to affirmativeaction



it has caused problems for both parties in recent years: Democratic support

and Republican hostility have become more muted recently as they seek to

avoid antagonising key constituencies, with the result that in recent years

affirmative action has largely disappeared from political campaigns



it was one of the factors prompting the defection of the ‘Reagan Democrats’

to the Republican Party in the 1980s



it has given rise to a state-level resistance movement and there has been a

series of referendums banning its use



The Supreme Court has heard a succession of cases and it has become a

significant part of the court’s agenda. The court has narrowed the scope of

affirmative action schemes, adding to its reputation for controversy



political representation – majority-minority districts have increased African-

American representation in Congress. Sonia Sotomayor sees herself as a

product of affirmative actio006ESlide14

14th

Amendment: rights of minorities

1954 Brown VS Board of Topeka – overrules Plessy VS Ferguson – ‘separate but equal’. De Jure segregation was deemed illegal. Slide15

AA – Success or failure

‘Coal miner’s son’ question – moderate

It will remain until 2028

Minorities remain poor

AA popularity depends on how questions are asked and therefoire identifying the popularity of AA is very hard. I.e. If you ask about increasing the number of

mins in colleges people support it. However if you mention ‘preferential treatment’ then people oppose it. Republicans anti- quotas as it

disencentivies hard work and undermines metitocracyDems support – especially pointing to underrepresentation of

mins in Colleges, especially the Ivy League ones. Hispanics accounted for 7.2% of degrees but far more are part of the population. Slide16

4

Why has affirmative action failed to end

racial inequality? 2017

(Total for Question 4 =15 marks)

The reasons affirmative action has failed to end racial inequality include:



in a succession of cases, the Supreme Court has narrowed the scope of

affirmative action schemes



the nature of black culture may mean that inequality is likely to resist any

attempts to alleviate it through government action



given the longevity and scale of the problem, 50 years is not long enough

and affirmative action is too tentative a measure and more drastic action is

needed



the Democratic Party’s support has become lukewarm and the Republican

Party openly hostile



it was never the aim of affirmative action to secure equality, just equal

opportunity



public hostility led to the approval of state bans



continuing racism of some elements of white society means black workers are

still denied equal treatment/opportunities



black students may be placed in classes they are unsuited to and consequently

lose motivation and fail to

achieveSlide17

Homework – Read Minorities in government and do research on minorities in Trump’s govt. Slide18

Protection for minorities by the government Slide19

6  ‘Race-based affirmative action has failed.’ Discuss.

(Jan 2011)

(Total for Question 6 = 45 marks) Slide20

1961 - JFK EEOC

1965 - LBJ Executive order

Nixon – funding

Carter – Busing

1978 – Bakke VS University of CaliforniaAdaranda Constructors VS Pena

19th July 1995 – Clinton speech Proposition 209Slide21

Political measures to promote racial equality are doomed to failure. Discuss – 2015 – 45 marksSlide22

Race has ceased to be a significant issue in US politics. (June 2014) 45 marks. Slide23

5  What is black nationalism, and how influential is it still in the USA?

(Jan 2012)

(Total for Question 5 = 15 marks) Slide24

2  Explain the different arguments that have been advanced

against

affirmative action.

(June 2011)(Total for Question 2 = 15 marks) Slide25

5  What are civil rights, and how far have they been achieved in the USA?

(June 2011)

(Total for Question 5 = 15 marks) Slide26

2  

Why are ethnic and racial minorities better represented in the House of Representatives than in the Senate?

(Jan 2011)

(Total for Question 2 = 15 marks) Slide27
Slide28

6  

Does the election of a black President mean that racial divisions in the USA have been overcome?

(June 2010)

(Total for Question 6 = 45 marks) Slide29

6  

‘Racial equality in the USA remains a distant dream.’ Discuss

. (jan 2010)(Total for Question 6 = 45 marks)