Internet of Things for Smart Cities Andrea Zanella, Senior Member, IEEE - PowerPoint Presentation

Internet of Things for Smart Cities Andrea Zanella, Senior Member, IEEE , Nicola Bui, Angelo Castellani,Lorenzo Vangelista, Senior Member, IEEE, and Michele Zorzi, Fellow, IEEEPresented by Jonathan Lobo 1

Why this paper? Not about blockchain Larger scale Issues of power, lifetime, energy efficiency, protocol choice are much more applicable Case study 2

Services Specification for the Padova Smart City Project 3

What makes large-scale IoT difficult? Heterogeneity of applicationsDifferent stakeholders, incompatible visions, lack of business model Primary issue is not technological infeasibility, but lack of standardization of architectures, funding4

“Smart City” “Exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens”Use IoT devices to assist the management of public affairs, make better use of public resources, increase quality of services offered to citizens, and enforce lawsEncompasses Smart Governance, Mobility, Utilities, Buildings, Environment 5

Urban IoT The communication infrastructure provides access to and optimization of services such as:TransportationParking LightingSurveillance/maintenanceGarbage collectionHospitals/schoolsOpen data can increase gov’t transparency, stimulate civic participation and creation of new services 6

Smart City Services Health of Public Buildings Database of historical/public buildings and their structural integrity Vibration, deformation, temperature, humidity, air quality, etc. Waste Management Intelligent waste containers, RFID to track trucksEconomic and ecological benefits, improved quality of recyclingAir QualityMonitor air quality in public parks, trails, open areas Charge companies for greenhouse gas emissions / pollution Noise Monitoring Services to enforce noise ordinances at night Enforcement of public security 7

Smart City Services Traffic Congestion GPS in smart vehicles, air quality/acoustic sensors Helps citizens plan routes and city to send traffic officers Energy Consumption Integration with city power grid to monitor energy usePurchases of energy through smart contractsSmart ParkingSensors direct motorists to open parking spots RFID / NFC to verify parking permits, handicapped spots, fine violators Smart Lighting Optimize street lighting based on time, weather, presence of people 8

Urban IoT Architecture Centralized Control Center Dense set of devices generating data and deliver to the center for storage and processing Challenges Heterogeneous technologies must be integrated with existing communication protocols Make data easily accessible to authorities and citizens for max benefit9

Web Service Approach for IoT Architecture Designed based on IETF standards and traditional web services using REST paradigm 10

Data Layer XML is typically used to describe transferred content Traditional XML messages too large for IoT devices EXI Schema-less – generated directly from XML, no prior knowledge necessary Schema-informed – two ends agree on schema before encoding/decodingControl Center maintains database of IoT nodesIntegrate the data received from all devices 11

Application / Transport Layers CoAP Less humanly readable, less verbose, less complex than HTTP Supports all HTTP methods Supports multicast – transmitting data to multiple destinationsUses UDP instead of TCPHTTP-CoAP intermediary can translate requests 12

Network Layer 6LoWPAN Compressed format for IPv6 and UDP headers over constrained networks Based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard Large address space of IPv6 introduces too much overhead Fragments and reassembles packetsSupports MTU 127 bytesSupports mesh routing 13

Link Layer BLE, ZigBee, NFC, LoRaWAN, RFID Protocols for constrained devices Low energy consumption, but also lower transfer rates 14

Devices Backend Servers DBMS, Web Sites/Apps, Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPs) Gateways Interconnect end devices with the main communication infrastructure Protocol translation from constrained to unconstrainedIoT Nodes Low-cost sensors Mobile devices 15

Urban IoT Network 16

Padova Smart City Case Study Experimental wireless sensor network with 300+ nodes “Successful provisioning of smart grid and healthcare services” Collecting environmental data Battery-powered sensors for benzene carbon dioxide, temperature, humidity, noise, etc. Monitoring public street lightingPhotometer sensors measure light intensity 17

Padova Smart City Implementation 18

Padova Smart City 19

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Smart City Barcelona Makes use of over 600 km of fiber-optic cable in the cityOver 700 WiFi hotspots throughout city19,500 smart meters monitoring energy consumptionDigital, interactive bus stops 21

Smart City Barcelona Smart parking ($50 million revenue increase) Sensors in asphalt detect open spots, reduce congestion and pollutionMobile app used as parking permitBarcelona Lighting Masterplan ($38 million, 30% energy savings)1,100 lampposts sense pedestrians in proximity and adjust lightingProvide WiFI, sensors collect publicly available data on air qualityWater, precipitation, humidity sensors ($58 million savings, 25% water conservation increase)Automated water delivery to public water fountainsAutomatic irrigation of public parks 22

Smart Waste ManagementSweden has vision of ‘zero waste’ by 202099% of all household waste is recycled as energy or materialsMunicipal smart bins for waste management Sense how full bins are, internal temperaturePlans to integrate sensors for hazardous materials23

Smart Housing in Hamburg Building supplies its own energy using microalgae Supplied with liquid nutrients and carbon dioxide, photosynthesizeExcess algae are fermented to produce biogasCycle of renewable energy sources Sensors for air quality, temperature, humidity, etc.24

Crime AnalyticsPresent dynamic network model for improving service resilience to data lossUses shared trends across data streams to improve prediction performanceUse auto-regression for crime rate prediction Implemented in Montgomery County, MD and saw 7.8% increase in crime rate prediction Temperature is a strong predictor of crime rate25 Kotevska et al 2017

Tel Aviv, Israel Smart CityFree WiFi with no registration at over 200 access pointsDigi-Tel service Access info on public utility services via mobile appDigi-Tel pass – use to pay bills, as parking permits, send photos of potholes or public property in need of maintenanceDirections to parking spots and available public bikesSmart lighting, city energy monitoring, smart grid, smart water cycle26 Mandakam et al 2018