REVIEW Topic: Week 7 Perfect Subjunctive System + Infinitives - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

REVIEW Topic: Week 7

Perfect Subjunctive System + Infinitives

Perfect Active System for the

Subjunctive

Mood

The

Perfect Active System

is built on the

perfect active stem

, which is found in the

3

rd

principal part

of any verb.

1

st

:

laud

ō

,

laud

āre

,

laud

āvī

,

laud

ātum

2

nd

:

moneō

,

monēre

,

monuī

,

monitum

3

rd

:

sucō

,

ducere

,

duxī

,

ductum

3

rd

“

io

”:

capiō

,

capere

,

cepī

,

captum

4

th

:

audiō

,

audīre

,

audivī

,

auditum

The

perfect active stem

is simply the

3

rd

principal part

minus the “

-ī

” ending (which is the 1

st

pers. sing. pf.

ind

. act. ending):

e.g.-

laud

āv

-,

monu

-,

dūx

-,

cēp

-,

audīv

-

Though there is no exact way to guess how the 3

rd

principal part will form if you don’t have it memorized, here are a few of the trends: add “v”/“u”, lengthen internal vowel, add “s”, reduplication,

loss of internal nasal, or

some combination of the above.

Perfect Active Subjunctive

The

Perfect Active Subjunctive

uses a set of endings, which equates to a combination of

-

erī

-

plus the usual personal endings (

-m, -s, -t

, etc.):

1

st

sing:

-

erim

2

nd

sing:

-

erīs

3

rd

sing:

-

erit

1

st

pl:

-

erīmus

2

nd

pl:

-

erītis

3

rd

pl:

-

erint

You’ll notice that this looks remarkably similar to the

Future Perfect Active Indicative

, except for the 1

st

pers. sing. and the presence of the long “

ī

” in a few places.

Perfect Active Subjunctive

To form the

Perfect Active Subjunctive

, combine the

Perf

. Stem

+

-erī- + personal endings

laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātumlaudāverimlaudāverīslaudāveritlaudāverīmuslaudāverītislaudāverintducō, ducere, duxī, ductumdūxerimdūxerīsdūxeritdūxerimusdūxerītisdūxerint

NB:

Though you only have two examples (1

st

and 3

rd

conjug

.) here, you should know how to conjugate the

perfect active subjunctive

for any verb, provided that you know the

3

rd

principal part

.

Pluperfect Active Subjunctive

To form the

Plupf

. Act. Subj

., combine the

perf

. act. stem

+ -issē- + personal endings (note that this really equates to the combination of the

Perf. Act. Infinitive + personal endings – compare this to the Imperfect Subjunctive, which is the present infinitive + endings)laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātumlaudāvissemlaudāvissēslaudāvissetlaudāvissēmuslaudāvissētislaudāvissent ducō, ducere, dūxī, ductum dūxissem dūxissēs dūxisset

dūx

iss

ēmus dūxissētis dūxissent

NB:

Though you only have two examples (1

st

and 3

rd

conjug

.) here, you should know how to conjugate the

pluperfect active subjunctive

for any verb, provided that you know the

3

rd

principal part

.

Perfect Passive System

The

Perfect Passive System

is built on the

participial stem

, which is

the

4th principal part of any verb. 1st: laudō

, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum 2nd: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum 3rd: sucō, ducere, duxī, ductum 3rd “io”: capiō, capere, cepī, captum 4th: audiō, audīre, audivī,

auditum

The

4th principal part, which is simply the perfect passive participle, functions as one part of the verbs of the perfect passive system. The Rule: EVERY verb in the perf. pass. system has two parts: A perf. pass. ppl. +

a form of

sum

Because the

participial part

is technically an adjective (as are all participles), it will decline to match

the subject

in

case, number, and gender

.

NB:

When writing out forms in the

perf

. pass. system

, be sure to include all possible forms of the

participle

: (

-us/-a/-um

for

sing

.;

-

i

/-

ae

/-a

for

pl.

)

Perfect Passive Subjunctive

To form the

perf

. act. subj.

, combine the

4

th

principal part + present subjunctive of sum (make sure the participial part agrees with the subject!)—[note, see review wk 4 ppt. for

subj. of sum]laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātumlaudātus, -a, -um simlaudātus, -a, -um sīslaudātus, -a, -um sitlaudātī, -ae, -a sīmuslaudātī, -ae, -a sītislaudātī, -ae, -a sintducō, ducere, dūxī, ductum

du

ctus

, -a, -um

simductus, -a, -um sīsductus, -a, -um

si

t

du

ct

ī

, -ae, -a sīmusductī, -ae, -a sītisductī, -ae, -a sint

NB:

Though you only have two examples (1

st

and 3

rd

conjug

.) here, you should know how to conjugate the

perfect passive subjunctive

for any verb, provided that you know the

4

th

principal part

.

Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive

l

aud

ō

,

l

aud

āre, laud

āvī, laudātumlaudātus, -a, -um essemlaudātus, -a, -um essēslaudātus, -a, -um essetlaudātī, -ae, -a essēmuslaudātī, -ae, -a essētislaudātī, -ae, -a essentducō, ducere, dūxī, ductumductus, -a, -um essemductus, -a, -um essēsdu

ct

us

, -a, -um

essetductī, -ae, -a essēmus

du

ct

ī

, -

ae

, -a essētisductī, -ae, -a essentNB: Though you only have two examples (1st and 3rd conjug.) here, you should know how to conjugate the pluperfect passive subjunctive for any verb, provided that you know the 4th principal part.

To form the

pluperf

. act. subj.

, combine the

4

th

principal part

+

imperf

. subjunctive of

sum

(but make sure the

participial part

agrees with the subject!)—[note: see wk 4 review ppt. for

impf. subj. of sum

]

Sequence of Tenses

Now that we have reviewed all the tenses of the

Subjunctive

, it’s worth recalling how the

Sequence of Tenses

works.

Any

subordinate use of the subjunctive in Latin will use a specific tense for the dependent verb as dictated by the Sequence of Tenses. The main verb of the sentence will dictate which sequence the sentence follows:

Primary Sequence = Main verbs in Present, Future, and Perfect tensesSecondary Sequence = Main verbs in Perfect, Imperfect, and Pluperfect tenses You may notice that the perfect tense main verb can be treated as primary sequence or as secondary sequence, this is due to its unique emphasis of the “present result” of a “past action,” suggesting both possible periods of time (primary and historical) Note, too, that “historical” present tense verbs in historical narrative are usually treated as secondary sequence. (We will observe this in the BC)

Sequence of Tenses

Simultaneous or Subsequent Action

(Same time as or time after main verb)

Prior or Past Action

(Time

before

main verb)

Primary

Sequence(Main Verb = Pres., Fut., Pf.)Present Subj.Perfect Subj.SecondarySequence(Main Verb = Pf., Impf., Plupf.)Imperfect Subj.Pluperfect Subj.Note, again, that the Sequence of tenses only applies to Subordinate (aka Dependent) uses of the Subjunctive.

Infinitives

Infinitives

are

built on verbal stems, giving them some verbal qualities (

tense and

voice

). The verbal qualities of infinitives often require that the infinitive has a subject (which will be acc.) and a direct object (also acc.), if active, or an expression of means or agent (abl.), if passive. In fact,

infinitives are really nouns and function as nouns in Latin sentences. As nouns, infinitives can be the subject of the sentence, the object of a verb or adjective and do many things that verbs otherwise could not do. In Latin, infinitives occur in the present, perfect, and future tenses. Like participles, these tenses convey time relative to the main verb of the sentence.

Infinitive Box

Active

Passive

Present

2

nd

Principal Part

(stem

+ -āre, -ēre, -ere, -īre)stem + -ārī, -ērī, -ī, -īrīPerfectperf. stem + -isseperf

. pass.

ppl

. +

esseFuture

fut. act.

ppl

. +

esse

[supine in –um

+ īrī]The following chart gives you a layout about how to form each of the tenses and voices of the infinitive. Note the fut. pass. Infinitive is extremely rare and has an unusual form. Generally, just don’t worry about it, it will be noted for you when you see it.

Infinitive Box – complete example

Active

Passive

Present

agere

ag

ī

Perfect

ēgisseāctus, -a, -um esseFuture

ā

cturus

, -a, -um

esseāctum

īrī

Here’s an example of the infinitive box filled out for the following verb:

agō

,

agere

, ēgī, āctumNote the fut. pass. Infinitive is very uncommon and has an unusual form. Generally, just don’t worry about it, it will be noted for you when you see it.