Finite State . Machines. Denise Landau 2013. AQA Computing COMP1. What is a Finite State Machine?. A state machine is any device that stores the status of something at a given time, and can operate on input to change the status and/or cause to take place for any given change.. ID: 427902
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Presentations text content in 3.1.1 Fundamentals of Problem Solving
Slide1
3.1.1 Fundamentals of Problem Solving
Finite State MachinesDenise Landau 2013
AQA Computing COMP1
Slide2
What is a Finite State Machine?
A state machine is any device that stores the status of something at a given time, and can operate on input to change the status and/or cause to take place for any given change.It consists of: states, input, and outputs
Suitable
for controlling processes that react to local conditions only
.
The machine is in only one state at a time – the
current
state
.
It can change from one state to another when initiated by a triggering event or condition – the
transition
.
Have
limited memory – which is limited by the number of states
.
Slide3
Mealy Machine
Mealy machine
is a
finite-state machine
whose output values are determined both by its current state and the current inputs
The Mealy machine is named after George H. Mealy, who presented the concept in a 1955 paper, “A Method for Synthesizing Sequential Circuits”.
This is in contrast to a Moore machine, which is an FSM whose output values are determined solely by its current state.
Slide4
Mealy Machine
A simple Mealy machine has one input and one output.
More complex Mealy machines can have multiple inputs as well as multiple outputs.
Mealy machines provide a rudimentary mathematical model for
cipher
machines - a Mealy machine can be designed that given a string of letters (a sequence of inputs) can process it into a ciphered string (a sequence of outputs
Slide5
Examples of FSM
Vending machines (dispense products when the proper combination of coins is deposited)Lifts (stop at the upper floors before going down)Traffic lights (change sequence when cars are waiting)Combination locks (numbers must be input in the right order)Protocols and communication systems (WLAN, Bluetooth, 3G, 4G)Satellites critical systems – modelled, implemented or tested using FSM
KEYWORD: Automation
Slide6
Finite State Machines with Outputs
When an FSM produces a response when making a transition, this is an output.
Slide7
Finite State Machines without Outputs
An FSM without outputs is called a Finite State Automaton (FSA)
Slide8
Extension – Stretch and Challenge
TCP has been modelled using an Extended FSM
1- Always remembers the current state in the variable (
CurrState
) and the previous state in the
variable (
PrevState
)
2- The TCP endpoint has unlimited buffer space (e.g., buffer space to queue SENDs and RECEIVEs is
always available
)
3- In any state, whenever a segment is sent, the segment is added to the Retransmission Queue (
Rexmt
Queue
) and
the retransmission timer (REXMT) is started.
4- The (REXMT TIMEOUT) event has been
modeled
in all states except (FIN-WAIT-2, TIME-WAIT,
CLOSED), since in the
s
e states the endpoint have already received an ACK of its FIN segment (i.e.,
You must be able to draw and interpret simple state transition diagramsA finite state machine expressed visually is a State transition diagramShows all the states, inputs and outputs. Not all FSMs will have an accept states and it is possible they could run for ever
1. Each
state is represented with a
circle
2. Each
transition
is shown with an arrow. Transitions are labelled with an input that causes a transition and possibly an output that results from it.
3. Double
circle signifies the accept state.
Slide10
State Transition Diagrams
In this diagram we can see that it starts in state S1An input of 1 will keep it in state oneAn input of 0 will move it to state S2Once in S2 an input of 1 will keep it there, and an input of 0 will switch it back to S1. This means that the following inputs are valid:
A finite state automaton (no outputs) accepting binary input
110011001
001110011
Slide11
State Transition Diagrams
It might appear to accept any binary value, but this isn't true. The only state it can accept in is state S1. This places the following rule on all accepted inputs: "A combination of binary digits involving an even number of zeros". This is useful for parity checks.
Slide12
State Transition Diagrams
Try: You will be stuck in state S2 and the FSM has not accepted.
110011011
The rules:
An
input of 1 will keep it in state one
An input of 0 will move it to state S2
Once in S2 an input of 1 will keep it there, and an input of 0 will switch it back to S1.
Slide13
State Transition Diagrams- Exercise
Which of these inputs are valid:aaacdbababacdaaacabcdbacdaacdbdb
Slide14
Exercise Answer
Answer :
aaacdb
(CORRECT)
ababacdaaac
(CORRECT)
abcdb
(ERROR no input that accepts b then c)
acda
(ERROR S1 is not a accepting state)
ac (CORRECT)
Slide15
State Transition Tables
You must be able to draw and interpret simple state transition tables
A state
transition table is a table showing what state (or states
) finite
state machine will move to, based on the current state and other inputs.
It is essentially
a truth table in which some of the inputs are the current state, and the outputs include the next state, along with other outputs.
Slide16
Exercise
Create a state transition table for the following FSM:
Slide17
Exercise Answer
Slide18
Example: Turnstile
State diagram for a turnstile
A turnstile, used to control access to subways and amusement park rides, is a gate with three rotating arms at waist height, one across the entryway.
Initially the arms are locked, barring the entry, preventing customers from passing through. Depositing a coin or token in a slot on the turnstile unlocks the arms, allowing a single customer to push through. After the customer passes through, the arms are locked again until another coin is inserted.
Considered as a state machine, the turnstile has two states:
Locked
and
Unlocked
.
[2]
Slide19
Example: Turnstile
There are two inputs that affect its state: putting a coin in the slot (
coin
) and pushing the arm (
push
).
In the locked state, pushing on the arm has no effect; no matter how many times the input
push
is given, it stays in the locked state.
Putting a coin in – that is, giving the machine a
coin
input – shifts the state from
Locked
to
Unlocked
.
In the unlocked state, putting additional coins in has no effect; that is, giving additional
coin
inputs does not change the state.
However, a customer pushing through the arms, giving a
push
input, shifts the state back to
Locked
.
Slide20
Example: Turnstile
The turnstile state machine can be represented by a state transition table, showing for each state the new state and the output (action) resulting from each input
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DownloadNote - The PPT/PDF document "3.1.1 Fundamentals of Problem Solving" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Presentations text content in 3.1.1 Fundamentals of Problem Solving
3.1.1 Fundamentals of Problem Solving
Finite State MachinesDenise Landau 2013
AQA Computing COMP1
Slide2What is a Finite State Machine?
A state machine is any device that stores the status of something at a given time, and can operate on input to change the status and/or cause to take place for any given change.It consists of: states, input, and outputs
Suitable
for controlling processes that react to local conditions only
.
The machine is in only one state at a time – the
current
state
.
It can change from one state to another when initiated by a triggering event or condition – the
transition
.
Have
limited memory – which is limited by the number of states
.
Slide3Mealy Machine
Mealy machine
is a
finite-state machine
whose output values are determined both by its current state and the current inputs
The Mealy machine is named after George H. Mealy, who presented the concept in a 1955 paper, “A Method for Synthesizing Sequential Circuits”.
This is in contrast to a Moore machine, which is an FSM whose output values are determined solely by its current state.
Slide4Mealy Machine
A simple Mealy machine has one input and one output.
More complex Mealy machines can have multiple inputs as well as multiple outputs.
Mealy machines provide a rudimentary mathematical model for
cipher
machines - a Mealy machine can be designed that given a string of letters (a sequence of inputs) can process it into a ciphered string (a sequence of outputs
Slide5Examples of FSM
Vending machines (dispense products when the proper combination of coins is deposited)Lifts (stop at the upper floors before going down)Traffic lights (change sequence when cars are waiting)Combination locks (numbers must be input in the right order)Protocols and communication systems (WLAN, Bluetooth, 3G, 4G)Satellites critical systems – modelled, implemented or tested using FSM
KEYWORD: Automation
Slide6Finite State Machines with Outputs
When an FSM produces a response when making a transition, this is an output.
Slide7Finite State Machines without Outputs
An FSM without outputs is called a Finite State Automaton (FSA)
Slide8Extension – Stretch and Challenge
TCP has been modelled using an Extended FSM
1- Always remembers the current state in the variable (
CurrState
) and the previous state in the
variable (
PrevState
)
2- The TCP endpoint has unlimited buffer space (e.g., buffer space to queue SENDs and RECEIVEs is
always available
)
3- In any state, whenever a segment is sent, the segment is added to the Retransmission Queue (
Rexmt
Queue
) and
the retransmission timer (REXMT) is started.
4- The (REXMT TIMEOUT) event has been
modeled
in all states except (FIN-WAIT-2, TIME-WAIT,
CLOSED), since in the
s
e states the endpoint have already received an ACK of its FIN segment (i.e.,
will not
transmit any segments afterwards).
5- The (TIMEWAIT TIMEOUT)
event has been
modeled
in (TIME-WAIT) state only. In all other states,
this timer
is irrelevant
.
Follow this link for
more information
:
http://
www.lisha.ufsc.br/teaching/dos/ine5357-2009-1/work/g2/final/TR2005-07-22-tcp-EFSM.pdf
Slide9State Transition Diagrams
You must be able to draw and interpret simple state transition diagramsA finite state machine expressed visually is a State transition diagramShows all the states, inputs and outputs. Not all FSMs will have an accept states and it is possible they could run for ever
1. Each
state is represented with a
circle
2. Each
transition
is shown with an arrow. Transitions are labelled with an input that causes a transition and possibly an output that results from it.
3. Double
circle signifies the accept state.
Slide10State Transition Diagrams
In this diagram we can see that it starts in state S1An input of 1 will keep it in state oneAn input of 0 will move it to state S2Once in S2 an input of 1 will keep it there, and an input of 0 will switch it back to S1. This means that the following inputs are valid:
A finite state automaton (no outputs) accepting binary input
110011001
001110011
Slide11State Transition Diagrams
It might appear to accept any binary value, but this isn't true. The only state it can accept in is state S1. This places the following rule on all accepted inputs: "A combination of binary digits involving an even number of zeros". This is useful for parity checks.
Slide12State Transition Diagrams
Try: You will be stuck in state S2 and the FSM has not accepted.
110011011
The rules:
An
input of 1 will keep it in state one
An input of 0 will move it to state S2
Once in S2 an input of 1 will keep it there, and an input of 0 will switch it back to S1.
Slide13State Transition Diagrams- Exercise
Which of these inputs are valid:aaacdbababacdaaacabcdbacdaacdbdb
Slide14Exercise Answer
Answer :
aaacdb
(CORRECT)
ababacdaaac
(CORRECT)
abcdb
(ERROR no input that accepts b then c)
acda
(ERROR S1 is not a accepting state)
ac (CORRECT)
Slide15State Transition Tables
You must be able to draw and interpret simple state transition tables
A state
transition table is a table showing what state (or states
) finite
state machine will move to, based on the current state and other inputs.
It is essentially
a truth table in which some of the inputs are the current state, and the outputs include the next state, along with other outputs.
Slide16Exercise
Create a state transition table for the following FSM:
Slide17Exercise Answer
Slide18Example: Turnstile
State diagram for a turnstile
A turnstile, used to control access to subways and amusement park rides, is a gate with three rotating arms at waist height, one across the entryway.
Initially the arms are locked, barring the entry, preventing customers from passing through. Depositing a coin or token in a slot on the turnstile unlocks the arms, allowing a single customer to push through. After the customer passes through, the arms are locked again until another coin is inserted.
Considered as a state machine, the turnstile has two states:
Locked
and
Unlocked
.
[2]
Slide19Example: Turnstile
There are two inputs that affect its state: putting a coin in the slot (
coin
) and pushing the arm (
push
).
In the locked state, pushing on the arm has no effect; no matter how many times the input
push
is given, it stays in the locked state.
Putting a coin in – that is, giving the machine a
coin
input – shifts the state from
Locked
to
Unlocked
.
In the unlocked state, putting additional coins in has no effect; that is, giving additional
coin
inputs does not change the state.
However, a customer pushing through the arms, giving a
push
input, shifts the state back to
Locked
.
Slide20Example: Turnstile
The turnstile state machine can be represented by a state transition table, showing for each state the new state and the output (action) resulting from each input
Slide21References
http://www.swisseduc.ch/compscience
/
http://www.swisseduc.ch/compscience/karatojava/docs/programming_general_education.pdf
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Computing/AQA/Problem_Solving,_Programming,_
Data_Representation_and_Practical_Exercise/Problem_Solving/Finite_state_machines