1 The problem well versus ill defined 2 Measurement RT error patterns verbal protocols 3 History of problem solving First work on animals Thorndikes puzzle boxes One cats data all of the others are similar ID: 413809
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Slide1
Problem Solving
1. The “problem”
-well versus ill defined
2. Measurement
-RT, error patterns, verbal protocols
3. History of problem solvingSlide2
First work on animals: Thorndike’s puzzle boxesSlide3
One cat’s data (all of the others are similar):Slide4
Work by Wolfgang Kohler on chimps, apes, found evidence of problem solving ability:
e.g.1: tool building
e.g.2: formal problem solving (Kohler video)
First work on animals: Thorndike’s puzzle boxes
Later on: animal intelligence tests by the Gestalt PsychologistsSlide5
Epstein , R.,
Kirshnit CE, Lanza RP, Rubin LC. (1984). “Insight in the pigeon”, Nature, v. 308, pp. 61-62
Most recently, pigeons shown to have same abilitySlide6
Also, chimp spatial location memory is pretty good:Slide7
Problem Solving
1. The “problem”
2. Measurement
-in humans, most of the work was done by a guy named Dunker in the 40s
3. History of problem solving
-Thorndike, Kohler
-focus was more on reasons people failed at problem solvingSlide8
Problem Solving
1. The “problem”
2. Measurement
4. Blocks to problem solving
a. Mental set
-nine dot, six toothpicks
3. History of problem solvingSlide9
Two flagpoles are standing, each 196 feet tall. Slide10
196 feet
Two flagpoles are standing, each 196 feet tall. Slide11
196 feet
346 feet
Two flagpoles are standing, each 196 feet tall. A 346-foot rope is strung from the top of one to the top of the other, and hangs freely between them. Slide12
196 feet
346 feet
23 feet
Two flagpoles are standing, each 196 feet tall. A 346-foot rope is strung from the top of one to the top of the other, and hangs freely between them. The lowest point of the rope is 23 feet above the ground. Slide13
196 feet
346 feet
23 feet
Two flagpoles are standing, each 196 feet tall. A 346-foot rope is strung from the top of one to the top of the other, and hangs freely between them. The lowest point of the rope is 23 feet above the ground. How far apart are the two flagpoles?Slide14
Thinking, reasoning, and intelligence
1. The “problem”
-well versus ill defined
2. Measurement
-RT, error patterns, verbal protocols
3. Blocks to problem solving
a. Mental set
b. Functional Fixedness
c. Using Hill-climbingSlide15Slide16
Thinking, reasoning, and intelligence
1. The “problem”
-well versus ill defined
2. Measurement
-RT, error patterns, verbal protocols
3. Blocks to problem solving
a. Mental set
b. Functional Fixedness
c. Using Hill-climbing
Is there a way to get around these blocks?
Yes, depending on the nature of the block.Slide17
Thinking, reasoning, and intelligence
Strategies to break the blocks:
1. Working backwards
Water lilies double in number every 24 hours
On January 1, the lake has 1 water lily on it
On January 30, the lake is completely covered with them
If a water lily covers 4 square inches of lake, and the lake is 33893 square miles in area, on what date was the lake ¼ covered?
Jan.28Slide18
Thinking, reasoning, and intelligence
Strategies to break the blocks:
1. Working backwards
2. Working via analogy
You are a doctor faced with a patient who has a malignant tumor
in his stomach. The patient is too old to operate on, but unless the
tumor
is destroyed, the patient will die. There is a type of laser that can be used to destroy the tumor, but at the intensity necessary to destroy it, the laser would kill all the healthy tissue on its way to the tumor. At lower intensities, the laser can pass through the healthy tissue without harming it, but won’t be strong enough to destroy the
tumor
either. How can you destroy the
tumor
without destroying any healthy tissue?Slide19
Thinking, reasoning, and intelligence
Strategies to break the blocks:
1. Working backwards
2. Working via analogy
A king wished to invade a neighbouring castle. He massed his army and marched to the enemy kingdom. Upon arriving, however, he saw that the castle was surrounded by a wide deep moat, which had numerous flimsy bridges for peddlers and citizens to walk on, but which were not strong enough to support a full army. The king, in his wisdom, split up the army and sent each smaller force to a different bridge, where they all crossed, and met at the castle to lay siege.Slide20
Thinking, reasoning, and intelligence
Strategies to break the blocks:
1. Working backwards
2. Working via analogy
3. Incubation
Study method uses rebuses:
YOU JUST ME
CHETONGUEEK