Bystanders, Victims, Perpetrators and Resistance - PowerPoint Presentation

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Bystanders, Victims, Perpetrators and Resistance

Sperling Kronberg Mack Holocaust Resouce Center

Myra Berkovits and Pat HollandSlide2

Bystanders = Spectators = IndifferenceSlide3

The opposite of hate is not love but indifference.

Eli WieselSlide4

What is a Victim?

A victim

is a person or thing that suffers harm, death, etc., from another or from some adverse act, circumstance, etc. victims of tyranny

Victims of bullying include girls and boys of all ages, sizes, and backgrounds.

Some students can be victimized because they appear small, weak, insecure, sensitive or “different” from their peersSlide5

What is a Perpetrator?

A perpetrator

is a person who commits a serious crime or evil action, causing grievous harm or death to the victim. It is also used of those who commit atrocities.Slide6

The

Bystander is a person who is present but not involved.

According to history, by taking no action, they were responsible for allowing the Holocaust to escalate.

In today's school setting Bystanders make up

approximately

85% of a school

population, “the silent

majority”

They are the most

ignored and underused resources in the

schools

They become desensitized over time (diminished empathy)Slide7

The Sounds of Silence

byPaul SimonSlide8

Dilemma of the Bystander

during the HolocaustSlide9

Since the 4th

century, hatred for the Jews progressed in stages, states Raul Heilberg, noted Holocaust historian

They may not live among us as Jews (i.e. ghettos)

They may not live

among us

(i.e. expulsion)

They may not

live

( i.e. extermination)Slide10

Jokes to GenocideSlide11

The Holocaust and Genocide

The Holocaust was a unique episode of genocide not because of who was killed or

how many were killed, but how and whythey were killed

The method had technological dimension

The motive of the Nazis’ was to achieve the “Final Solution.”

In other words, to wipe the Jews off the face of the earth

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What was the Holocaust?

It was the destruction of some 6 million Jewsby the Nazis’ and their followers in Europe

between 1933 -1945.Other individuals and groups were persecuted and suffered grievously during this period. It was the Jews who were marked for complete and utter

annihilation.

The term

Holocaust

literally means, a completely

burned sacrifice.

The word

Shoah

, originally a biblical term meaning

widespread disaster, is the modern Hebrew equivalent.

Source:

United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumSlide13

Who were the victims of the Holocaust?

According to Steven Spielberg, founder of the USC Shoah Foundation, “ any person who was

displaced between 1933 and 1945 was avictim of the Holocaust.”Source:

United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumSlide14
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There may be times when we are

powerless to prevent injustice

But there must never be a time

when we fail to protest

Elie WieselSlide16

HOLOCAUST RESISTANCE

People resisted the Nazis in various waysSlide17

Irena Sendler

Irena SendlerSlide18
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Dr. Ho Feng ShanSlide23
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Hans SchollSlide28
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Anti-Nazi Leaflets published by the White Rose.

Hans Scholl, a 25-year old Christian medical student at the University of Munich, with his 22 year old sister Sophie, formed the White Rose resistance group in 1942 to publish anti-Nazi leaflets to students. They were caught and beheaded in February 1943. Slide34
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“Spiritual Resistance”

was often some people’s

only means of resistance.They refused Nazi dehumanization when the Germans tried to make them less than they were. They kept their culture when the Nazis wanted to remove it from the Earth.

S

urvival became an act of defiance.

To be openly defiant was unwise due to Nazi reprisals to the entire community and immediate death.

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“Faces of the The Uprising”

To smuggle a loaf of bread was to resistTo teach in secret was to resist.To gather information and distribute an underground newsletter was to resist.

To cry out warning and shatter illusions was to resist.To rescue a Torah Scroll was to resist.To forge documents was to resist.

To smuggle people across borders was to resist.

To chronicle events and conceal the records was to resist.

To extend a helping hand to those in need was to resist.

To dare to speak out, at the risk of one’s life was to resist.

To stand empty-handed against the killers was to resist.

To reach the besieged, smuggling weapons and c commands was to resist.

To take up arms in streets, mountains and forests was to resist.

To rebel in the death camps was to resist.

To rise up in the ghettos, amid tumbling walls,

In the most desperate revolt humanity has ever known…

Haim Guri and Monia AvrahamiSlide37

Forms of Resistance:

Open opposition to the Nazis was rare due to instant death or reprisals to the entire community so they went underground.

Jews smuggled food into the campsJews set up an economy with smuggled food, a necessity for keeping people alive

Jews presented plays, concerts and other musical entertainment

Jews set up schools and child care facilities

Jews printed a newspaper for communication

Jews kept radios for outside information

Jews started illegal mills and workshops

Jews sabotaged forced labor factories

Jews set up public and children’s kitchens, distributed clothing, furniture and found refugees housing

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Market and soup kitchen.

Warsaw market and food lineSlide39

Four partisan movements in forest and swamp areas fought against the Nazis. The partisan movement never had a large number of “soldiers” but they were effective. One of the most famous was led by the Bielski brothers.

Belorussia

Western Ukraine LithuaniaSlide40

The Bielski brothers led a combat group in Belorussia’s Forest.Slide41

Jews revolted at 3 camps

SobiborTreblinka

Auschwitz Only Sobibor was successful. Slide42

Jews blew up #4 gas chamber at Birkenau. The Jews were executed.

Before

AfterSlide43

Righteous Gentiles Assisted

People, at their own peril, in all countries hid Jews or tried to help them in some way.The “French Army” helped French Jews escape to Spain, collected money to help hidden Jews, and hid them.

Families took children into hiding.Danes helped Jews escape to Sweden and kept their homes up until their neighbors returned.Individuals risked their lives to help, such as Oscar Schindler, Raoul Wallenberg, and others.Slide44

What can we do?

How can we as educators ensure that students will be neither bystanders, victims or perpetrators.Can we give them another option?

Yes we can.........Slide45

The Upstander

People who are willing to stand up and take action in defense of others. It can refer to individuals who take

large risks

during wars and political turmoil, and also identifies people who take

small but helpful steps

to shield others from bullying and other injustices.

Upstanders

can make a difference!

They can break the

cycle.......Slide46

How

can we help and

encourage students to become Upstanders

?

Emphasize strength in

numbers

Communicate the expectation to take

action

Teach skills and strategies to take a

stand

Notice and acknowledge caring

behaviors

Encourage empathySlide47

“Thou shalt not be victim. Thou shalt not be a perpetrator. Above all, thou shalt not be a bystander.”

As stated by Yehuda Bauer, HistorianSlide48

SOURCES:

Upstanders; A reader’s theatre piece about genocideTheresa Docherty, Kathryn Nelson, Luke Walker and Dr. Ellen Kennedy at The University of Minnesota, Spring 2008

Holocaust Memorial Resource and Education Center of Florida

Samantha Power, JournalistSlide49

Valuable Websites

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

http://www.ushmm.org/Yad Vashem

http://www.yadvashem.org

Museum of Tolerance

http://www.museumoftolerance.comSlide50

The greatest resistance to the Nazis was that

THE JEWS SURVIVED!Slide51

Sperling Kronberg Mack Holocaust Resource Center

Website address:lvhresourcecenter.com

Email address:sperlinghl@aol.com

Phone number:

702-433-0005