Presented by Caroline Falk Matt Jarmon Gwen Kenny Denise Stewart Collegiate Student Athletes Definition A intercollegiate level student athlete is defined as a student who participates in organized sport on a collegiate level for the institution in which they are enrolled ID: 546082
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Slide1Slide2
Student Athletes
Presented by: Caroline Falk, Matt
Jarmon
, Gwen Kenny,
Denise StewartSlide3
Collegiate Student Athletes
Definition:
A intercollegiate level student athlete is defined as a student who participates in organized sport on a collegiate level for the institution in which they are enrolled.
Youth Organized Sports
Interscholastic Sports
Intercollegiate Sports
Professional SportsSlide4
Collegiate Athletics History
1843 – Yale University Boat Club
1844 – Harvard University Boat Club
1852 – 1
st
rowing competition
1859 – 1
st
intercollegiate baseball game
1872 – 1
st
intercollegiate football association
1875 – 1
st
intercollegiate track and field association1883 – 1st
intercollegiate tennis match
1895 – 1
st
intercollegiate ice hockey game1899 – 1st intercollegiate gymnastics competition1906 – NCAA formed
(
Tew
, 2011)Slide5
Governing Association
NCAA: National Collegiate Athletic Association
Non-profit association
1,281 institutions represented
Provides rules and regulations that govern collegiate sports
Three division setup (Division I, Division II, and Division III)
Governs financial setups and scholarship availability
Sports Represented:
Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Boxing, Cross Country, Fencing, Field Hockey, Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Ice Hockey, Lacrosse, Rifle, Rowing, Skiing, Soccer, Softball, Swimming and Diving, Tennis, Track and Field, Volleyball, Water Polo, WrestlingSlide6
NCAA Role:
Monitor Academics:
Earn at least a 2.3 grade-point average in core
courses
Sliding scale standards for freshmen
Meet an increased sliding-scale standard (for example, an SAT score of 820 requires a 2.5 high school core course GPA
)
Remain full time degree seeking student
Student athletes must declare a major before the seventh term or third year
Provide oversight & regulation (Smith, 2000):
Safety regulations
Commercialization
Promote fair competition Slide7
Student social involvement
Astin’s
Theory of Involvement:
Increased student academic and social involvement influences the amount of student learning and development
(Pascarella &
Terenzini, 2005)Slide8
Funding
AcademicsHistoric athletic academic deficits / recent academic reformPressure / Commitment Social Injustices
Sexism, homophobia, racismGenerated IncomeBillions generated for universities and private sponsorship companiesSonny VaccaroAthletic bribery scandals
Reggie BushCam NewtonJim Tressel
Athletics Controversy:Slide9
Collegiate sports related issues Slide10
D
ecreased social life (Hudson, 2000) Depression / increased pressure A
buse of illegal substances and alcohol, poor graduation ratesViolence / Hazing / Substance Abuse (Hinkle et al, 2007) Eating disorders /hazing / peer pressure
Focus beyond collegeA focus on winning and athletics in colleges often takes priority over academics. New sports facilities are often built instead of creating or growing existing academic programs. Huge amounts of money and time are invested in recruiting the best athletes in the
country
Collegiate sports related issues Slide11
Positive aspects of athleticsSlide12
Positive aspects of athletics
L
earning teamwork
/ discipline
M
aintaining
good
health
Following rules
B
uilding character
C
reating confidence / self esteem
(Anderson, 2004)
G
oal
-
setting and
the ability to overcome
failure
Strong social networksSlide13
Effects on academics
P
ositive
impact on GPA for
females
S
light
drop in GPA points in the off
season
Major
clustering
/ Career path selection (Milton et al, 2012)
Complex area of research
Divisions by genderSlide14
Tools for success:
Coordinated programming in conjunction with academic and advising services
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING
Academic Support
Tutoring (
Thamel
, 2006)
Monitored study halls
Educational planning
Supplemental Instruction
Career preparation
Career development workshops
Targeted recruitment programming
Acclimation Programing
Specialized orientations
Individualized counselingSlide15
Conducted by: Steve Chen,
Moorehead State University; Shonna Snyder, Gardner Webb University; Monica Magner, Morehead State University (Chen, S. et al 2008)
163 student-athletes (59%)112 non-athlete students (41%) From a National Collegiate Athletic Division-I institutionMales = 172 (62.5%)Females = 103 (37.5%)Information collected in 2008 spring semester
Related Studies:
Seven sub-factors:
Personal Role
Importance of Sport
Personal Attributes
Expectation of Others
Core Benefits
Social Relationship
Specific BehaviorsSlide16
Conducted by:
NCAA (GOALS and SCORES STUDY) (Pope, 2009)GOALS – Growth, Opportunities, Aspirations and Learning
of Students in college – 21,000 current student-athletes at 627 Division I, II and III schoolsSCORE – Study of College Outcomes and Recent Experiences
– 8,500 former student-athletes who graduated HS in 1994.– Surveyed about their college experiences; current education, career, and well-being
Related Studies: NCAASlide17
Student athletes
report being actively engaged in their academic experience –both
in and out of the classroomWithin the classroom, over 70% of student-athletes report that they participate in class Always or Often and 87% report coming to class prepared Always or Most of the TimeUse of academic support services
Perceived effect on GPAMore athlete than studentGreat social benefitEffect on choosing college
Related Studies: NCAA cont.Slide18
Anderson, C.B. (2004). “Athletic identity and its relation to exercise behavior: Scale
development and initial validation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26(1), 39-56.Ayers, K.,
Pazmino-Cevallos, M., & Dobose, C. (2012). The 20-Hour Rule: Student-Athletes Time Commitment to Athletics and Academics. Virginia Journal, 33(1), 22-26.
Chen, S., Snyder, S., and Magner, M., (2010). Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, “The Effects of Sports Participation on Student Athletes’ and Non-Athlete Student’s
Social Life and Identity,” http://csri-jiia.org/documents/puclications/research_articles/2010/JIIA_2010_3_10_176_193_Athletic%20Identity.pdfHinkle, S., Smith, S.L., &
Stellino, M.B. (2007). “Cognitive dissonance in athletic hazing: The roles of commitment and athletic identity.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (
Suppl.), 29, S1169-S170
.
Hudson, A. (2000). “Effects of athletic involvement on the social life: A study of 68 track and
field
athletes.”
Sources:Slide19
Milton, P. R., Freeman, D., & Williamson, L. M. (2012). Do Athletic Scholarships Impact
Academic Success of Intercollegiate Student-Athletes: An Exploratory Investigation. Journal Of Issues In Intercollegiate Athletics
, 5329-338. NCAA (2006). Student-Athlete Perspectives on Their College Experience: Preliminary Findings from the NCAA GOALS and SCORE Studies.
Retrieved November 11, 2013, from https://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/cbfa16004b43fac09453d5d0ae33e5ab/2007_Convention_Prelim_GOALS_SCORE_Findings.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=cbfa16004b43fac09453d5d0ae33e5ab
.O’Shaughnessy, L. (2009). “Playing for a scholarship,” http://moneywatch.bnet.com/ saving-money/article/scoring-a-college-athletic-scholarship/307436
/Parcarella, E.T. & Terenzini, P.T. (2005). How college affects students: A third decade of research. Volume 2. Jossey
-Bass, San Francisco, CA
.
Sources:Slide20
Smith, R. K. (2000). Brief History of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Role in
Regulating Intercollegiate Athletics, A. Marq. Sports L. Rev., 11, 9
.Snyder, E. M., Kras, J. M., Bressel, E., & Reeve, E. M. (2011). The Relationship of Residence to Academic Performance in NCAA Division I Freshman Athletes.
Journal Of Issues In Intercollegiate Athletics, 105-119. Tew, T. (2011). The History of Collegiate Athletics. The History of Collegiate Athletics
. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from http://tylertew.wordpress.com/2011/06/21/the-history-of-collegiate-athletics-1865-1900/Thamel, P. (2006). Athletes get new college pitch: Check out our tutoring center.
The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/04/sports/ncaafootball/04ncaa.html?pagewanted=all
Sources: