From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

From John Adams to Thomas JeffersonPolitical Turmoil New National CultureSlide2

The Election of 1796John Adams was chosen by the federalist because he was not involved in controversial figures

Jefferson became vice president. Why?

John Adams legacy as President is still debated todaySlide3

XYZ

Affair

OriginsThe "Quasi-War."

Revolutionary France attacks American shipping to influence the election and hurt Britain.

Continue after Adams takes office.

France wants the special privileges that Britain gained from Jay's Treaty to end.

American Vessels in the

Quasi-WarSlide4

XYZ AffairOrigins

Adams sends three commissioners (John Marshall, Charles Pinckney, and

Elridge Gerry) to negotiate a peace. French foreign minister Talleyrand..

Sends three agents (known as X, Y, and Z) to demand a huge bribe from the Americans before he would talk with them.

John Marshall

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=97171&rendTypeId=4Slide5

XYZ Affair

Talleyrand

The American commissioners refuse and talks break up in April 1798.

American ships and French ships begin to attack each other

.

Federalists want Congress to declare war to restore American honor

.

"Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute

!“

Adams and the commissioners become national heroes. Slide6

XYZ Affair

Talleyrand

American Political Cartoon on the XYZ Affair

http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/america/unitedstates/1783/1789/1797/graphics/xyz.gifSlide7

XYZ Affair

American Response

Congress ends the French alliance.

Creation of a naval department

.

Congress appropriates money to triple the size

of

the army and build 40 warships

.Washington comes out of retirement to lead the American forces.American privateers attack French shipping. Slide8

The Alien & Sedition Acts

Aimed at keeping refugees from both sides of the French Revolution from having an influence on the American government.

American Response to XYZ Affair

http://www.mariner.org/usnavy/images_content/fullsize/05f_E323A42ConstlInsurgente.jpgSlide9

The Alien & Sedition Acts

Naturalization Act.

Increased the eligibility for citizenship from 5 to 14 years.Sedition Act.restricted

speech which was critical of the federal government.

Alien

Act.

President can expel all aliens deemed "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States

.”

The Alien Act

http://www.historicaldocuments.com/AlienandSeditionActs1.jpgSlide10

The VA & KY Resolves

Jefferson & Madison

Democratic-Republicans believe that the Alien and Sedition Acts violate the First Amendment and were an invasion of states' rights.

James Madison

http://www.ons.uconn.edu/images/james_madison.jpg4Slide11

The VA & KY Resolves

Virginia & Kentucky Resolves

Drafted by Jefferson (Kentucky) and Madison (Virginia).Stated the following.

1. The Constitution was a compact

between sovereign states

.

2. Each state had "an equal right to judge

for itself" when the Constitution had

been violated.

3. IMPORTANT: A state can declare a law of Congress unconstitutional. Slide12

The VA & KY Resolves

Virginia & Kentucky Resolves

Immediate impact was little, with neither state doing anything substantial.

Would set a precedent for sectionalism and the states' rights debate later

.

Threatened Federalist authority, who did nothing about it.

VA & KY Resolutions

http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/images/resolutions.gifSlide13

France Capitulates

Talleyrand does not want war with the United States.

Already struggling with no allies.Does not want to add another enemy.Will accept new negotiators without a bribe.

Talleyrand and the Devil

http://www.wlym.com/~animations/ceres/Images/talleyrand_devil.jpgSlide14

France Capitulates

Hamilton

and Federalists still want war.Will go to war with France, but if Spain is available, we'll take them.

Spain was weak.

Spain controlled Florida, New Orleans, and Louisiana.

3. Spain cut off trade for the Mississippi.

Federalist Leaders

http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/images/mural-detail-m.jpg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaWBs46USqESlide15

France Capitulates

Adams remains

coolSends ministers to France and Spain to negotiate treaties.

Infuriates some of the Federalists, who withdraw some support in the next election. Slide16

The Election of 1800First vicious campaign-

Adams portrayed as a crazy tyrant

Jefferson portrayed as Frenchman capable of killing the eliteAaron Burr, an rising Republican, garnered support from veterans in New York (the key state to winning)Republicans win majority in legislature and win the executive as well Republicans were supposed to vote in Jefferson as President, and Burr as VP but the vote was tied by accidentThe Federalist

congress had to decide and Hamilton convinced them to pick JeffersonSlide17

The Jeffersonian Era- Basic Cultural Movements

Greater emphasis on public education. Why?The rise of prestigious private schools- Exeter, Phillips Andover

Medicine becoming more a respected professionscience over superstitions More anatomical dissectionsDoctors began to replace midwives Slide18

Cultural AspirationsPoem of the

Rising Glory of America-And here fair freedom shall forever reign.

I see a train, a glorious train appear, Of Patriots plac'd in equal fame with those Who nobly fell for Athens or for Rome. The sons of Boston resolute and brave The firm supporters of our injur'd rights, Shall

lose their

splendours

in the brighter beams

Of

patriots

fam'd and heroes yet unborn. Washington Irving… Creating new American folktales and mythology Slide19

The Second Great Awakening1801-Slide20

Response to Deism"God is an essence that we know nothing of.  Until this awful blasphemy is got rid of, there will never be any liberal science in the world

.“---John Adams

"And the day will come when the mystical generation of Jesus, by the supreme being as his father in the womb of a virgin will be classed with the fable of the generation of Minerva in the brain of Jupiter. But we may hope that the dawn of reason and freedom of thought in these United States will do away with all this artificial scaffolding, and restore to us the primitive and genuine doctrines of this the most venerated reformer of human errors."

--Jefferson

A counter argument to the growing popularity of rationalism and science

Many founding fathers, followers of the enlightenment, were advocates of Deism. Slide21

Return to Religion, Provides Stability

Society during this expansion era was undergoing deep and rapid change

The revolution in markets brought both economic expansion and periodic depressions. To combat this uncertainty reformers sought stability and order in religion

Religion provided a means of social control in a disordered society

Churchgoers embraced the values of hard work, punctuality, and sobriety

Revivals brought unity and strength and a sense of peaceSlide22

Burned Over District

Burned over district in Western NY got its name from a “wild fire of new religions”

Gave birth to Seventh Day AdventistsThe Millerites believed the 2

nd

coming of Christ would occur on October 22, 1843

Members sold belonging, bought white robes for the ascension into heaven

Believers formed new church on October 23

rd

Like 1st, 2nd Awakening widened gaps between classes and religionsSlide23
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The Rise of African

American Churches

Revivalism also spread to the African American community

T

he Second Great Awakening has been called the "central and defining event in the development of Afro-Christianity“

During these revivals Baptists and Methodists converted large numbers of blacks Slide25

The Rise of African

American Churches

This led to the formation of all-black Methodist and Baptist churches, primarily in the North

African Methodist Episcopal (A. M. E.) had over 17,000 members by 1846Slide26

The Second Great Awakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”

[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &

Penal Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism