Geography of Governance and Representation Human Geography by Malinowski amp Kaplan Copyright The McGrawHill Companies Inc Permission required for reproduction or display 11 1 Chapter 11 Modules ID: 713859
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Slide1
Chapter 11 LECTURE OUTLINE
Geography of Governance
and Representation
Human Geography
by Malinowski & Kaplan
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
11-
1Slide2
Chapter 11 Modules
11A Territoriality11B Political Economy and Functions of the Modern State11C Theories of the State11D Citizenship11E Subdividing the State11F Cores and Capitals11G Peripheral and Special Regions11H Electoral Geography11I Electoral Systems and ManipulationCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.11-2Slide3
11A: Territoriality
Organizations divide territory into smaller pieces, or political subunitsPros:Basic efficiencyGreater flexibilityGreater degree of responsivenessCons:Subdividing territory can restrict access to some regionsProliferation of subdivisions can lead to a mismatch between the problems and the ability to deal with them11-3Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide4
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11-4Figure 11A.1Toyota Manufacturing PlansSlide5
11B: Political Economy & Functions of the Modern State
Political economythe relationship among the state, the members of the state, and the economic activities contained within the stateStates practice a mixed economy of both private and public sectors11-5Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide6
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11-6Figures 11B.1 & 11B.2Types of Economies 1EXTRACTION ECONOMYCAPITALIST ECONOMYSlide7
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11-7Figures 11B.3 & 11B.4Types of Economies 2COMMUNIST ECONOMYMIXED ECONOMYSlide8
11C: Theories of the State 1
Pluralist theories of the stateView government as a neutral arbiter of all stakeholdersNeoliberalism: a set of policies that favor minimal government interference in markets and promotion of free tradeElite theories of the stateSee governments as likely to support an elite class of people11-8Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide9
11C: Theories of the State 2
Marxist theories of the stateSee government as a vehicle promoting capitalism and capitalist systems11-9Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide10
11C: Types of Governments
Authoritarian, or autocratic, statesConcentration of political power in a single individualOr in a few, termed an oligarchyTotalitarianism is a type of autocracy associated with fascism, communism, and religious fundamentalism11-10Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide11
11D: Citizenship
In the past, residents of a state were subjectsCitizenship is rooted in ancient Greece & RomeImplies that some or all citizens have certain rights & responsibilitiesCitizenship can be determined in two ways:Jus sanguinis (“right of blood”) means citizenship is based on your parentsJus soli (“right of the soil”) means citizenship based on birth within a state’s territoryUnited States has a jus soli systemSome states allow dual citizenship11-11Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide12
11E: Subdividing the State
States divide territory into political subunitsUnitary statesNearly all power resides in the central governmentFederal statesSubunits have a certain amount of their own authorityHelps stabilitySometimes there is asymmetrical federalism, when some subunits have more power than othersQuebec in CanadaConfederationsSovereign states agree to abridge some of their independent powers in order to work together as a group11-12Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide13
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11-13Figure 11E.2TirolSlide14
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11-14Figure 11E.4Provinces of FranceSlide15
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11-15Figure 11E.5National vs. State PowersSlide16
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11-16Figure 11E.7U.S.S.R.Slide17
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11-17Figure 11E.9BelgiumSlide18
11F: Cores & Capitals
Core RegionPlace or region where the state and the dominant nationality emerged or is concentratedCapital city & capital regionThe capital may or may not be the core regionIn about 50% of countries, the capital is also the largest cityA capital’s location can be controversial11-18Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide19
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11-19Figure 11F.2Germany’s Lack of a Core AreaSlide20
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11-20Figures 11F.5 & 11F.6Capitals 1Slide21
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11-21Figures 11F.7 & 11F.8[insert Figure 11F.7 here]Capitals 2Slide22
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11-22Figures 11F.9 & 11F.10Capitals 3Slide23
11G: Peripheral & Special Regions
Peripheral RegionsCan be at the edge of effective political control, areas recently added to the state, areas that are culturally distinct, or they may be exclavesSpecial RegionsPolitical subunits that are granted different powers than regular subunitsSome countries have various types of subunits, like provinces and territories (Canada)Reservations for indigenous peoples are an example of a special region11-23Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide24
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11-24Figures 11G.2ExclaveWhen part of a state’s territory is geographically separated by another country.Slide25
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11-25Figures 11G.3EnclaveA part of a country or an entire country that is surrounded by another country.Slide26
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11-26Figures 11G.6Italy’s Autonomous RegionsSlide27
11H: Electoral Geography
Most democratic societies are representative democracies, not pure democraciesElectoral geography examines how people’s political preferences are manifested in representationGeography of election outcomesWhere support is strongest, weakest, etc.11-27Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide28
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11-28Figures 11H.1Presidential Election of 1948Slide29
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11-29Figures 11H.2Iraq’s First ElectionSlide30
11I: Electoral Systems & Manipulation
Electoral districts can be manipulated to produce results that favor one party or political interestMalapportionmentManipulation in which some electoral districts vary in size even though they are equal in representationU.S. SenateSupreme Court 1962: “one person, one vote”11-30Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide31
11I: Types of Electoral Systems
Single member plurality systemThe most votes winsMajoritarian systemWinner must have a majorityList system of proportional representationAn electoral system can have more than one representative if a certain threshold is metMixed systemIncludes proportional voting and a plurality systemCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.11-31Slide32
11I: Gerrymandering
Manipulation that concentrates the support of one party or one group of people in one district and dilutes their support throughout a number of other districts.11-32Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.