The Articles of Confederation The Confederation Government The Critical Period after ratification during Revolution No executive branch to oversee laws No power to tax States had to donate or be willing to give the government money ID: 733516
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Chapter 6 Strengthening the New NationSlide2
The Articles of ConfederationSlide3
The Confederation Government
The Critical Period- after ratification during Revolution.
No executive branch to oversee laws.
No power to tax. States had to donate or be willing to give the government money.
Finance
Growing debtSlide4
Land Policy
Easy income source for Congress
Used Northwest territory to sell land.
History of the land west of the colonies
The Northwest Ordinance
Promised a certain amount of land and states.
No slavery allowed.
Had to have minimum amount of people to create state constitution.
Jefferson wanted over 12 states to be created.Slide5
Diplomacy
Flaws in the Articles begin to surface
Problems with Britain to the west
Brits had string of forts in the area and refused to leave till debt paid.
Problems with Spain to the south
Spain held Florida and parts of the Gulf Coast.
Treaty allowed US to ship goods down Miss.
1784, Spain
gov
of Louisiana closed port to USSlide6
Trade and Economy
Great Britain closes West Indies to the United States
England stopped providing protection to farmers who used the Navy to protect themselves around trade.
England forbade US from trading with the West Indies.
West Indies imported most of its food from the US farmers.Slide7
The Confederation’s Problems
Framers wanted loose organization of states with more power than govt.
No central control over states’ policies
Congress had no say in a state raising taxes on imports or lowering taxes.
States competed against each other this way.
No central control over monetary concerns
States printed their own money to pay debts and freely overprinted causing inflation and devalue of currency.Slide8
Domestic IndustrySlide9
Shays’s Rebellion
The problem- Daniel Shay’s
(former captain in Revolution)
and Massachusetts.
Mass. Had high property and poll taxes.
The “rebellion”- Shay’s leads rebellion to prevent courts from foreclosing on their lands due to lack of paper currency in 1786 and 1787 led 1500 farmers
Militia sent to put down “rebellion”, 4 farmers killed.
The result- showed issues with Articles of anarchy from rich and discontent from poorSlide10
Northampton MASlide11
Shays’s RebellionSlide12Slide13Slide14
2. Land Ordinance of 1784 found too radical the proposal to give away the land; slavery prohibition failed as well.
3. Land Ordinance of 1785
called for dividing the land into three to five states; land would be sold by public auction for a minimum price of one dollar an acre; minimum purchase was 640 acres, and payment had to be made in hard money or certificates of debt; gave the advantage to speculators, who held the land for sale rather than living on it; thus avoided conflict with Indians who called the land their own.
4. Land Ordinance of 1787 (the Northwest Ordinance)
forth the process by which settled territories would advance to statehood; population would eventually write a constitution and apply for full admission to the Union; perhaps the most important legislation passed by confederation government; ensured United States would not become a colonial power with respect to its white citizens.Slide15Slide16
Calls for a Stronger Government
The need for a Constitutional Convention
By 1785, need to amend, but needed unanimous support.
AT Mt. Vernon and Annapolis Convention, delegates discussed ways to fix.
Hamilton secured a call for a Constitutional Convention.Slide17Slide18
Creating the Constitution
The Constitutional Convention-
Phila
May 25
th
, 1787
55 Delegates in attendance- mix of lawyers, farmers, and merchants. Washington presided
The emergence of James Madison
2 camps of small and large states. 3 months of debate.
The Virginia and New Jersey Plans
Virginia-Madison plan, bicameral congress based on population. Houses elect executive and judiciary.
New Jersey(small)- William Paterson
Each state single voted 1 house Congress.Slide19
IV. The United States ConstitutionA. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
1. Revision meetings
2. The Constitutional Convention
55 men who met in Philadelphia had already concluded weaknesses in the Articles; all white men; generally wealthy; two-thirds were lawyers and the majority had served in the Confederation Congress and knew its strengths and weaknesses.
B. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans
1. Virginia Plan
Philadelphia convention worked in secrecy so that the men could freely explore alternatives without fear their honest opinions would come back to haunt them; major issue was representation; Virginia Plan repudiated the principle of a confederation of states; called for a two-chamber legislature, a powerful executive, and a judiciary; practically silenced the smaller states by linking representation to population; argued government operated directly on the people, not on the states.
2. New Jersey Plan
mid-June, delegates from small states unveiled the New Jersey Plan; maintained the single-house congress of the Articles, but gave it sweeping powers; also called for a plural presidency.
3. The Great Compromise
bicameral legislature, with representation in the lower house, the House of Representatives, tied to population and representation in the upper house, the Senate, coming from all states equally.
4. The Three-Fifths Clause
the words
slave
and
slavery
never appear, but the Constitution recognized and guaranteed slavery with the fugitive slave clause and a provision closing the international, but not the domestic, slave trade.Slide20Slide21Slide22Slide23
James MadisonSlide24
The Constitution
The Great Compromise- after several months.
2 house Congress with 1 based on equal rep in Senate and the House based on population
Executive branch and judicial created.
Principles Incorporated into the Constitution
Separation of powers
Nature of the presidency-enforce laws, but not create
Nature of the judicial
branch-Supreme Court with chief justice. Congress appoints other courts and justices below the SC.
Examples of countervailing forces in the new government
Congress can overturn a veto. May impeach, may remove members of executive and judicial branch.
President may veto.Slide25
Signing the Constitution,
September 17, 1787 Slide26
Crafting the Constitution
The Fight for Ratification
Federalists versus anti-Federalists
Fed- pro
govt
with Hamilton, Madison publishing the Federalist Papers
AntiFeds
led by Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry- states rights.
Arguments for Ratification
Standard money, reduce taxes and pay war
Arguments against Ratification
No Bill of Rights, illegal under Articles.Slide27Slide28
V. Ratification of the ConstitutionA. The Federalists
2. Ratification strategy
Federalists targeted states most likely to ratify quickly
by early 1788, they had achieved ratification in Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Maryland, and South Carolina; after a tough battle, they secured ratification in Massachusetts by May 1788; they therefore only needed one more vote, but they also felt they had to win over the largest and most economically critical states: Virginia and New York.
B. The Antifederalists
2. Elected officials and individual rights
Antifederalists feared that representatives would always be elites and therefore not sensitive to the problems of the lower classes
Federalists agreed that elites would be favored in national elections, but they viewed it as a good thing; Federalists wanted power to reside with intelligent, virtuous leaders like themselves; Antifederalists’ most widespread objection was the Constitution’s omission of any guarantee of individual liberties like those found in state constitutions’ bills of rights.Slide29
The Federalist PapersSlide30
Crafting the Constitution, continued
The Decision of the States
Small states adopt it first
Needed Virginia and New York to ratify
Demand for a Bill of Rights- 12 initially, but chose 10.
New Hampshire Becomes Ninth State to Ratify
Government is formedSlide31
New Hampshire cast the decisive vote on June 21, 1788, but New York and Virginia were too large and important to ignore; an influential Antifederalist group led by Patrick Henry and George Mason tried to block the Constitution; Federalists finally secured ratification by proposing twenty specific amendments that the new government would promise to consider.
2. New York and
The Federalist Papers
New York voters believed such a large state should not relinquish so much power to the new federal government; also home to persuasive Federalists; Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote and published eighty-five essays on the political philosophy of the new constitution; the essays were later republished as
The Federalist Papers
; Madison argued in Federalist 10 that a large republic would increase democracy by preventing a single faction from coming to power; impassioned debate plus the news of Virginia’s ratification tipped the balance to the federalistsSlide32
Order of RatificationSlide33
New BeginningsSlide34
The Federalist Era
America in 1789
4 million from Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico
South- agrarian and smaller cities
North- shipping and industry
A New Government
1789- Washington is chosen unanimously.
He knew he was the first and had to set the standard.
Received salary of around $25000, but had to pay for all dinners and expenses Slide35
The Government’s Structure 3 post
Dept
of War, State and Treasury(Finance)
The Executive Branch
Department of State-Jefferson
Department of the Treasury- Hamilton
Department of Justice- Attorney General Edmund Randolph
Department of War- Henry Knox
The Judicial Branch- John Jay as chief justice
The Federalist Era, continuedSlide36
A New Nation
The Bill of Rights
Religious FreedomSlide37
Hamilton’s Financial Vision
Raising Revenue- tariffs on imports
Establishing the Public Credit
Hamilton won approval to absorb all state debts.
Established national bank and credit
The Emergence of Sectional Differences
Downside, northern business grew against South.
A National Bank
Used to control money supply.
Visioned
a central bank to allow
govt
to prevent inflation or deflation of dollarSlide38
Alexander HamiltonSlide39
Hamilton’s Financial Vision, continued
Encouraging Manufacturers
To encourage growth, prices imported were higher
Used protective tariffs on foreign goods.
Hamilton’s Achievement
War debts were paid off,
Manufacturing grew in AmericaSlide40
The Republican Alternative
Birth of the First Political Parties
Parties grew from disagreements on national bank and debts
Federalists- created by Hamilton and his followers to promote strong central
govt
Republicans or Democratic Republicans
Madison and Jefferson created this party for strict reading of Constitution and states rightsSlide41
Thomas JeffersonSlide42
Foreign and Domestic Crises
The French Revolution of 1789
The Treaty of Alliance, 1778
Washington’s Proclamation of 1793
Washington stated US was neutral Slide43
Foreign and Domestic Crises, continued
Citizen Genet- French diplomat during revolution in France.
Genet hired privateers to harass British and caused fear in America of a war.
Jay’s Treaty
Sent to ease relations with British.
Approved to avoid
embarassmentSlide44
Frontier Tensions
The Battle of Fallen Timbers
General Anthony Wayne sent to NW territory in 1793 to protect settlers.
Wayne inflicted heavy loses to Natives and burned their villages.
The Treaty of Greenville, 1795
Forced Natives to surrender land and move west.Slide45
Domestic Crises
The Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton levied tax on Whiskey in 1791 angering farmers.
West Penn. Farmers terrorized revenue officers.
Washington called militia and rebels left.
Pinckney’s Treaty
1795, Thomas Pinckney secured rights to use New Orleans and land north of 31
st
parallel to Tennessee river and west of Miss.Slide46
Whiskey RebellionSlide47
Western Settlement
Land Policy
The Wilderness Road
Daniel Boone expanded trail through Cumberland Gap.Slide48
The Wilderness RoadSlide49Slide50Slide51Slide52
Transfer of Power
Washington’s Farewell
served 2 terms and retired.
Farewell address warned US to avoid foreign affairs and forgo political parties.
The Election of 1796
Adams won presidency
Jefferson was VP with 2
nd
highest vote totalSlide53
The Adams Administration
The War with France-
France plundered over 300 ships.
Adams sent delegation to France to avoid war.
The XYZ Affair 3 officials demanded bribe to meet.Slide54
John AdamsSlide55
Conflict with FranceSlide56
The Adams Years
The War at Home
The Naturalization Act-
citizen from 5 to 14 years of residency
The Alien Act-
empowered president with ability to deport dangerous aliens.
The Alien Enemies Act-
designed to expel enemy aliens during war
The Sedition Act-
forbade writing, publishing and speaking ill of
govt
or its officers.Slide57
Republican Victory in 1800
Republican VictorySlide58
The Election of 1800Slide59
This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 6
Strengthening the New Nation
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