Structure and function are closely related Change the structure cannot function Examples Red blood cells sickle cell anemia round shape allows them to fit through blood vessels Muscle cells ID: 681922
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Slide1
Keystone Review Day 3
Water, macromolecules, structure/function, enzymesSlide2
Structure and function are closely related!
Change the structure = cannot function
Examples:
Red blood cells – sickle cell anemia- round shape allows them to fit through blood vesselsMuscle cells – long and stretchy to expand and contract for movementSlide3
Structure and function are closely related!
Nerve cells
– Long extensions reaching out to send/receive messagesArteries- thick & muscular to pump blood Alveoli- increase surface for gas exchange in
lungsMicrovilli
(small hairs) in small intestines to increase surface area for nutrient absorptionSlide4
Cellular organelles have different structures. Mitochondria, for example, possess highly folded inner membranes in addition to their outer membranes. Vacuoles, on the other hand, are only surrounded by a single-layer membrane; they do not have an inner membrane.
Why do cellular organelles have different structures?
A. All of the organelles in a particular organism are identical, but organelles in different organisms are unique.
B. Organelles that are less important to the cell have less sophisticated structures.
C. The structures of cellular organelles are related to their functions.
D. The structure of a cellular organelle mimics the appearance of the organism.Slide5
Cells can be divided into two main categories – eukaryotic and prokaryotic.
Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is directly related to their difference in size.
B. Based
on the structural difference, explain why
prokaryotic
cells can be much smaller than
eukaryotic
cells.Slide6
Part A:
Eukaryotes
contain (1) organelles and are able to store molecules in the cytoplasm, which requires a larger cell to house the organelles, whereas prokaryotes do not contain organelles and consequentially can be smaller. Eukaryotes many chromosomes whereas prokaryotes have a single small circular chromosome. Slide7
Part B: Prokaryotes
can be (1) smaller than eukaryotes because they do not need more room to house organelles or stored molecules. Cells must have a proper amount of DNA to keep control of and provide enzymes/molecules for the cell. Eukaryotes have (2) large amounts of DNA to account for their larger metabolic requirements due to their organelles and general complexity whereas prokaryotes have minimal DNA to account for the simple metabolic requirements of the small organelle free cell.Slide8
Water Structure
Water is a
POLAR molecule Electrons are unevenly shared between O and H (polarity)
O = slightly negative
H = slightly positive
Polar
covalent
bonds between the O & H WITHIN one molecule
Hydrogen bonds
between multiple water moleculesSlide9
1. Ice is less dense than liquid water (expands)
Due to hydrogen bonds causing the to expand
Causes lakes to freeze only on the top (allows life to survive winters) Water PropertiesSlide10
2. Surface Tension
Water molecules are attracted to one another
force pulls inward = creating “membrane” on outside of water molecules
Caused by Hydrogen bonds creating a strong bond between molecules
Cohesion = water molecules sticking to other water molecules Slide11
3. High Specific Heat Capacity
Water has a high specific heat capacity
Can absorb
large amounts of heat and only raise temperate by a few degreesRegulates the climate (keeps it a moderate temp)Organisms (mostly made of water) regulate
body temp in the same waySlide12
Water is the most abundant molecule found in living organisms. Most mammals, in fact, are approximately 70% water by weight. About 2/3 of this water is present inside cells. The other 1/3 is present outside cells (blood plasma). Why is water so important to cells?
Water determines which proteins are translated from the cellular DNA.
It is the main structural component found in plasma membranes and cell walls.
Almost all the chemical reactions in life processes occur in solutions with water.
Water is stored in the cells to be used when the organism gets thirsty. Slide13
Water has a high specific heat, which means that it requires a great deal of heat to change its
temperature. Which
of the following helps support life on Earth and is a result of water's high specific heat
?A. In freezing temperatures, ice rises to the top of lakes and provides an insulating layer that keeps the rest of the water from freezing.B. Water is part of a continuous cycle in which liquid water falls to the Earth's surface, is evaporated back into the atmosphere, and condenses into clouds that produce precipitation.C. Water droplets tend to clump together in drops instead of spreading out in a thin film, allowing it to move through the roots of plants and through blood vessels in the human body.D. The water that covers over 70% of the Earth's surface stabilizes the weather and climate of the Earth.Slide14
The human body contains approximately 70% water by weight. Water is found inside and outside of cells, and it is able to carry nutrients into and around cells in addition to carrying wastes away from cells. Why is water able to do this
?
A. Water is very acidic.
B. Water is able to dissolve many substances. C. Water is a nonpolar covalent compound.D. Water is an ionic solution. Slide15
The human body can properly function only within a certain temperature range. This tendency toward maintaining a stable internal environment is known as homeostasis.
Which
of the following substances is most important for maintaining a stable thermal environment within the human body
? A. Glucose C. Water B. Marrow D. InsulinSlide16
Lakes and oceans are able to stabilize air and land temperatures
because
A. the water is able to release large amounts of heat into the air when necessary.
B. the temperature of water changes significantly instead of the temperature of the air and land.C. the salt in the water bodies is able to absorb large amounts of heat.D. water is able to absorb large amounts of heat without significantly changing its temperature. Slide17
Carbon
Basis of all organic compounds
Unique because:
Forms diverse structures (rings, chains & branches)
Can bond with itself
Can make double or triple bonds
Can make 4 covalent bonds
BiochemistrySlide18
Unique
because:
Can make 4 covalent bonds
Due to having 4 valence electrons in outer electron orbital (which holds a total of 8)
To become stable, it forms 4 covalent bonds (each bond = 2 e-) to have 8 electrons
CarbonSlide19
Atoms of what element form the backbone of large, complex molecules such as sugars and fats
?
Oxygen
Carbon Sodium Sulfur Slide20
All living organisms contain carbon atoms. Which of the following is an important characteristic of carbon
?
A
. Carbon atoms can bond with any other atom, but they cannot form bonds with other carbon atoms.B. Carbon atoms are highly reactive and form unstable bonds with any available atom.C. Carbon atoms can bond with many other kinds of atoms to form very stable moleculesD. Carbon atoms are very stable and do not easily form bonds with other atoms Slide21
All living things contain carbon. Which of the following statements are true about carbon atoms?
Each carbon atom can form single bonds with up to four other carbon atoms.
Each carbon atom can form double bonds with up to two other carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms can join together to form chains or rings.IV. A single molecule of some compounds can contain
thousands of carbon atoms
II and III
only C. I, II, III and IV
I and III
only D. I, II and III onlySlide22
Organic = biological; made of Carbon
Made of monomers & polymers
Monomers= Building blocks (subunits) of polymers
Polymers- Large molecules made of multiple monomers
Organic CompoundsSlide23
To Make Polymers:
Condensation (dehydration) Synthesis
→
Attaching monomers together & forming water in the process
To Break Polymers into Monomers:
Hydrolysis Reaction
→
Adding water to break the bonds between monomers within the polymer
Organic CompoundsSlide24
Organic Compounds
Dehydration Reaction → Making polymers from monomersSlide25
Organic Compounds
Hydrolysis → Breaking PolymersSlide26
Organic Compound
Function
Monomer
Polymer
Atoms Present
Carbs
Energy & Cell Wall Structure
Monosaccharide (glucose)
Polysaccharide (starch)
C H O
Lipids
(Fats)
Cell membranes
Reserve energy
Cushion
Insulation
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
C H OSlide27
Organic Compound
Function
Monomer
Polymer
Atoms Present
Proteins
Enzymes
Structure (muscles, hair)
Hormones
Transport
Amino Acids
Polypeptide/
protein
C H O N S
Nucleic Acids
Genetic Info
Instructions for making of proteins
Nucleotide
DNA/RNA
C H O NSlide28
A polymer is a large molecule that forms when smaller molecules known as monomers bond covalently in a repeating pattern. There are many biological polymers such as nucleic acids, proteins, and starches.
What are the monomer units that make up starches?
Amino Acids Fatty Acids
Nucleotides
GlucoseSlide29
Which of the following best describes a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates always consist of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups and are used to store genetic information.Carbohydrates are organic macromolecules that are insoluble in water and have the ability to store energy for extended periods of time.
Carbohydrates are organic macromolecules that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are used for energy storage or as structural molecules.
D. Carbohydrates are composed of amino acid monomers and
are involved
in cell signaling, cell transport, immune
responses
,
and the
cell cycle.Slide30
Review Game!Slide31
-Proteins that act as
catalysts
→ speed up rate of reaction
- Enzyme is not changed or used upHow does it work?Lowers the activation energy
(energy needed to start a reaction)
less energy absorbed
EnzymesSlide32
Enzymes
Lock & Key Theory
Enzyme and its substrate fit like a lock and key
** Shape is VITAL to enzyme function. Change shape (structure) → change function (does not work)
Denaturation → change enzyme’s shape from excess heat or pH Slide33
- Enzymes
function only at certain
temperatures/pH’s
(optimal) - Excess temp or pH changes shape of enzyme → makes it unable to function.Slide34
Based on the figure, what do you think happens to enzyme X at 45 degrees
?
It becomes more active
It becomes denatured
It runs out of substrate
None of the answers are correct.Slide35
Temperature
Enzyme A Rate
of Reaction
Enzyme B Rate of Reaction5 ° C
0.300.10
15
° C
0.50
0.20
25 ° C
0.20
0.43
35
° C
0
0.60
50
° C
0
0.15
What is the optimal temperature for Enzyme B to function?
A.
1
5
° C
B.
35 ° C
C. 25
° C
D. 50
° CSlide36
If the black line represents a reaction without an enzyme and the red line represents the same reaction with the addition of an enzyme, what can be said of the
relationship between the use of an enzyme and the energy of the reaction
?
A. Less energy is released by a reaction without an enzyme.
B. More energy is absorbed by a reaction with an enzyme.
C. Less energy is released by a reaction with an enzyme.
D. More energy is absorbed by reactions without an enzyme
.
Enzymes lower Activation Energy to speed up reaction rates without being used up.Slide37
Catalase is an enzyme that is found in all living tissues. Cells need catalase in order to function properly. Which of the following statements can be inferred using the above information?
A. Cells can function equally as well at all temperatures because enzymes are effective at all temperatures.
B.
Cells only function within a specific temperature range because enzymes only function within a specific temperature range.
C. Cells only function within a specific pH range because enzymes only function within a specific pH range.
D. Cells can function equally as well at all pH's because enzymes are effective at all pH's
Slide38
What can Tobin conclude about the relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate in the presence of excess molecules?
The
experiment is invalid because it was performed in the presence of excess molecules
.There is a direct relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases
.There is no relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate
.
There is an inverse relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the reaction rate decreases
.