/
Keystone Review Day 3 Water, macromolecules, structure/function, enzymes Keystone Review Day 3 Water, macromolecules, structure/function, enzymes

Keystone Review Day 3 Water, macromolecules, structure/function, enzymes - PowerPoint Presentation

debby-jeon
debby-jeon . @debby-jeon
Follow
375 views
Uploaded On 2018-09-29

Keystone Review Day 3 Water, macromolecules, structure/function, enzymes - PPT Presentation

Structure and function are closely related Change the structure cannot function Examples Red blood cells sickle cell anemia round shape allows them to fit through blood vessels Muscle cells ID: 681922

cells water enzyme carbon water cells carbon enzyme function atoms reaction molecules bonds energy cell enzymes organelles organic heat

Share:

Link:

Embed:

Download Presentation from below link

Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Keystone Review Day 3 Water, macromolecu..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.


Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Keystone Review Day 3

Water, macromolecules, structure/function, enzymesSlide2

Structure and function are closely related!

Change the structure = cannot function

Examples:

Red blood cells – sickle cell anemia- round shape allows them to fit through blood vesselsMuscle cells – long and stretchy to expand and contract for movementSlide3

Structure and function are closely related!

Nerve cells

– Long extensions reaching out to send/receive messagesArteries- thick & muscular to pump blood Alveoli- increase surface for gas exchange in

lungsMicrovilli

(small hairs) in small intestines to increase surface area for nutrient absorptionSlide4

Cellular organelles have different structures. Mitochondria, for example, possess highly folded inner membranes in addition to their outer membranes. Vacuoles, on the other hand, are only surrounded by a single-layer membrane; they do not have an inner membrane.

Why do cellular organelles have different structures?

A. All of the organelles in a particular organism are identical, but organelles in different organisms are unique.

B. Organelles that are less important to the cell have less sophisticated structures.

C. The structures of cellular organelles are related to their functions.

D. The structure of a cellular organelle mimics the appearance of the organism.Slide5

Cells can be divided into two main categories – eukaryotic and prokaryotic.

Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is directly related to their difference in size.

B. Based

on the structural difference, explain why

prokaryotic

cells can be much smaller than

eukaryotic

cells.Slide6

Part A:

Eukaryotes

contain (1) organelles and are able to store molecules in the cytoplasm, which requires a larger cell to house the organelles, whereas prokaryotes do not contain organelles and consequentially can be smaller. Eukaryotes many chromosomes whereas prokaryotes have a single small circular chromosome. Slide7

Part B: Prokaryotes

can be (1) smaller than eukaryotes because they do not need more room to house organelles or stored molecules. Cells must have a proper amount of DNA to keep control of and provide enzymes/molecules for the cell. Eukaryotes have (2) large amounts of DNA to account for their larger metabolic requirements due to their organelles and general complexity whereas prokaryotes have minimal DNA to account for the simple metabolic requirements of the small organelle free cell.Slide8

Water Structure

Water is a

POLAR molecule Electrons are unevenly shared between O and H (polarity)

O = slightly negative

H = slightly positive

Polar

covalent

bonds between the O & H WITHIN one molecule

Hydrogen bonds

between multiple water moleculesSlide9

1. Ice is less dense than liquid water (expands)

 Due to hydrogen bonds causing the to expand

 Causes lakes to freeze only on the top (allows life to survive winters) Water PropertiesSlide10

2. Surface Tension

Water molecules are attracted to one another

 force pulls inward = creating “membrane” on outside of water molecules

Caused by Hydrogen bonds creating a strong bond between molecules

Cohesion = water molecules sticking to other water molecules Slide11

3. High Specific Heat Capacity

Water has a high specific heat capacity

Can absorb

large amounts of heat and only raise temperate by a few degreesRegulates the climate (keeps it a moderate temp)Organisms (mostly made of water) regulate

body temp in the same waySlide12

Water is the most abundant molecule found in living organisms. Most mammals, in fact, are approximately 70% water by weight. About 2/3 of this water is present inside cells. The other 1/3 is present outside cells (blood plasma). Why is water so important to cells?

Water determines which proteins are translated from the cellular DNA.

It is the main structural component found in plasma membranes and cell walls.

Almost all the chemical reactions in life processes occur in solutions with water.

Water is stored in the cells to be used when the organism gets thirsty. Slide13

Water has a high specific heat, which means that it requires a great deal of heat to change its

temperature. Which

of the following helps support life on Earth and is a result of water's high specific heat

?A. In freezing temperatures, ice rises to the top of lakes and provides an insulating layer that keeps the rest of the water from freezing.B. Water is part of a continuous cycle in which liquid water falls to the Earth's surface, is evaporated back into the atmosphere, and condenses into clouds that produce precipitation.C. Water droplets tend to clump together in drops instead of spreading out in a thin film, allowing it to move through the roots of plants and through blood vessels in the human body.D. The water that covers over 70% of the Earth's surface stabilizes the weather and climate of the Earth.Slide14

The human body contains approximately 70% water by weight. Water is found inside and outside of cells, and it is able to carry nutrients into and around cells in addition to carrying wastes away from cells. Why is water able to do this

?

A. Water is very acidic.

B. Water is able to dissolve many substances. C. Water is a nonpolar covalent compound.D. Water is an ionic solution. Slide15

The human body can properly function only within a certain temperature range. This tendency toward maintaining a stable internal environment is known as homeostasis.

Which

of the following substances is most important for maintaining a stable thermal environment within the human body

? A. Glucose C. Water B. Marrow D. InsulinSlide16

Lakes and oceans are able to stabilize air and land temperatures

because

A. the water is able to release large amounts of heat into the air when necessary.

B. the temperature of water changes significantly instead of the temperature of the air and land.C. the salt in the water bodies is able to absorb large amounts of heat.D. water is able to absorb large amounts of heat without significantly changing its temperature. Slide17

Carbon

Basis of all organic compounds

Unique because:

Forms diverse structures (rings, chains & branches)

Can bond with itself

Can make double or triple bonds

Can make 4 covalent bonds

BiochemistrySlide18

Unique

because:

Can make 4 covalent bonds

Due to having 4 valence electrons in outer electron orbital (which holds a total of 8)

To become stable, it forms 4 covalent bonds (each bond = 2 e-) to have 8 electrons

CarbonSlide19

Atoms of what element form the backbone of large, complex molecules such as sugars and fats

?

Oxygen

Carbon Sodium Sulfur Slide20

All living organisms contain carbon atoms. Which of the following is an important characteristic of carbon

?

A

. Carbon atoms can bond with any other atom, but they cannot form bonds with other carbon atoms.B. Carbon atoms are highly reactive and form unstable bonds with any available atom.C. Carbon atoms can bond with many other kinds of atoms to form very stable moleculesD. Carbon atoms are very stable and do not easily form bonds with other atoms Slide21

All living things contain carbon. Which of the following statements are true about carbon atoms?

Each carbon atom can form single bonds with up to four other carbon atoms.

Each carbon atom can form double bonds with up to two other carbon atoms.

Carbon atoms can join together to form chains or rings.IV. A single molecule of some compounds can contain

thousands of carbon atoms

II and III

only C. I, II, III and IV

I and III

only D. I, II and III onlySlide22

Organic = biological; made of Carbon

Made of monomers & polymers

Monomers= Building blocks (subunits) of polymers

Polymers- Large molecules made of multiple monomers

Organic CompoundsSlide23

To Make Polymers:

Condensation (dehydration) Synthesis

Attaching monomers together & forming water in the process

To Break Polymers into Monomers:

Hydrolysis Reaction

Adding water to break the bonds between monomers within the polymer

Organic CompoundsSlide24

Organic Compounds

Dehydration Reaction → Making polymers from monomersSlide25

Organic Compounds

Hydrolysis → Breaking PolymersSlide26

Organic Compound

Function

Monomer

Polymer

Atoms Present

Carbs

Energy & Cell Wall Structure

Monosaccharide (glucose)

Polysaccharide (starch)

C H O

Lipids

(Fats)

Cell membranes

Reserve energy

Cushion

Insulation

Glycerol

Fatty Acids

Triglyceride

Phospholipid

C H OSlide27

Organic Compound

Function

Monomer

Polymer

Atoms Present

Proteins

Enzymes

Structure (muscles, hair)

Hormones

Transport

Amino Acids

Polypeptide/

protein

C H O N S

Nucleic Acids

Genetic Info

Instructions for making of proteins

Nucleotide

DNA/RNA

C H O NSlide28

A polymer is a large molecule that forms when smaller molecules known as monomers bond covalently in a repeating pattern. There are many biological polymers such as nucleic acids, proteins, and starches.

What are the monomer units that make up starches?

Amino Acids Fatty Acids

Nucleotides

GlucoseSlide29

Which of the following best describes a carbohydrate?

Carbohydrates always consist of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups and are used to store genetic information.Carbohydrates are organic macromolecules that are insoluble in water and have the ability to store energy for extended periods of time.

Carbohydrates are organic macromolecules that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are used for energy storage or as structural molecules.

D. Carbohydrates are composed of amino acid monomers and

are involved

in cell signaling, cell transport, immune

responses

,

and the

cell cycle.Slide30

Review Game!Slide31

-Proteins that act as

catalysts

→ speed up rate of reaction

- Enzyme is not changed or used upHow does it work?Lowers the activation energy

(energy needed to start a reaction)

 less energy absorbed

EnzymesSlide32

Enzymes

Lock & Key Theory

Enzyme and its substrate fit like a lock and key

** Shape is VITAL to enzyme function. Change shape (structure) → change function (does not work)

Denaturation → change enzyme’s shape from excess heat or pH Slide33

- Enzymes

function only at certain

temperatures/pH’s

(optimal) - Excess temp or pH changes shape of enzyme → makes it unable to function.Slide34

Based on the figure, what do you think happens to enzyme X at 45 degrees

?

It becomes more active

It becomes denatured

It runs out of substrate

None of the answers are correct.Slide35

Temperature

Enzyme A Rate

of Reaction

Enzyme B Rate of Reaction5 ° C

0.300.10

15

° C

0.50

0.20

25 ° C

0.20

0.43

35

° C

0

0.60

50

° C

0

0.15

What is the optimal temperature for Enzyme B to function?

A.

1

5

° C

B.

35 ° C

C. 25

° C

D. 50

° CSlide36

If the black line represents a reaction without an enzyme and the red line represents the same reaction with the addition of an enzyme, what can be said of the

relationship between the use of an enzyme and the energy of the reaction

?

A. Less energy is released by a reaction without an enzyme.

B. More energy is absorbed by a reaction with an enzyme.

C. Less energy is released by a reaction with an enzyme.

D. More energy is absorbed by reactions without an enzyme

.

Enzymes lower Activation Energy to speed up reaction rates without being used up.Slide37

Catalase is an enzyme that is found in all living tissues. Cells need catalase in order to function properly. Which of the following statements can be inferred using the above information?

A. Cells can function equally as well at all temperatures because enzymes are effective at all temperatures.

B.

Cells only function within a specific temperature range because enzymes only function within a specific temperature range.

C. Cells only function within a specific pH range because enzymes only function within a specific pH range.

D. Cells can function equally as well at all pH's because enzymes are effective at all pH's

Slide38

What can Tobin conclude about the relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate in the presence of excess molecules?

The

experiment is invalid because it was performed in the presence of excess molecules

.There is a direct relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases

.There is no relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate

.

There is an inverse relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the reaction rate decreases

.