16. European peripheral - PowerPoint Presentation

1. 16. European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno Horizons Book 1Core Unit 2Regional geography

2. Core Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The MezzogiornoBy the end of this chapter, you will have studied:How the physical characteristics of the Mezzogiorno can impact on the area and its people, both economically and sociallyThe interaction between physical, economic and human processes in the different areas examined in the MezzogiornoBy comparing the European regions studied in Chapters 15 and 16, you should be able to:Identify a core and a peripheral regionContrast the main differences between the Paris Basin and the Mezzogiorno regions

3. The MezzogiornoCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

4. The MezzogiornoHome to 22 million peopleNearly 65 per cent of its population live in rural areasOne of the poorer regions of the EUPopulation density is low, 40 people per km2An Objective 1 Region according to the EUReceives funding under the European Development FundCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

5. Physical processesClimateWarm temperate oceanic, Mediterranean climateHot, sunny, dry summers, averaging 29°C Influenced by high pressure belt from the Azores, dry stable weather conditionsRainfall is low, dry north-east trade winds, high evaporation ratesWinters warm, mild and damp, averaging 11°CSouth-west winds bring depressionsRainfall averages 500–900 mm annuallyCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Rain shadow effect of the Apennine MountainsConvectional rain in the summer can lead to flash flooding and landslidesExtreme south influenced by the hot Sirocco wind and Sardinia is affected by the cold Mistral windChapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

6. Physical processes (continued)SoilsPoor thin upland soils as half the land is mountainous Richer soils found in the densely populated fertile plain of CampaniaDeep layer of alluvial and volcanic soils, e.g. Mount EtnaMost common soil terra rossa, soils prone to erosionCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

7. Physical processes (continued)Relief and drainage85 per cent of the region is upland, Apennines 1,050 km long, Alpine fold mountainsCoastal plain on either side and the Puglia lowlands the most productive areasSome lowland areas contained swamps and marshes, malaria a problemRegion is tectonically active, earthquakes, e.g. L’Aquila, 2009, killing 308 people, volcanoes and mudslidesRegion covered in permeable limestone, Apennines has karst featuresCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

8. Primary economic activitiesRemoving resources from the earthOnly 1 in 9 people employed in this sector in the Mezzogiorno due to mechanisationCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

9. Primary economic activities (continued)AgricultureClimate limiting factor, irrigation neededTree crops, e.g. olivesSheep are grazed in upland areas10 per cent of the workforce is employed in agricultureHigher dependency on EU grantsFarm incomes 50 per cent lower than EU averageHalf those employed in agriculture in Italy work in the MezzogiornoUntil 1950s land divided in landlord estates called latifundia, only 25 per cent of people owned their own landLand was subdivided, 70 per cent of land less than 3 hectares, led to overgrazing and overcultivationCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

10. Primary economic activities (continued) Agriculture (continued)Cassa per il MezzogiornoIntroduced by Italian Government in the 1950s to reform the areaPositive effectsLand reformNew farming techniquesMechanisationIrrigation schemesCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Co-operatives set up, improvements to infrastructure, Autostrada del SoleUpgrading of communication links and servicesMalarial swamps drainedAgricultural output increased ten foldMezzogiorno one of the main producers of citrus fruits and olives for the EU market.Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

11. Primary economic activities (continued)Agriculture (continued)Cassa per il MezzogiornoNegative effectsMainly benefitted the coastal plainsWidened the income gapSeasonal overproduction of crops, e.g. tomatoesIrrigation systems expensiveNew farming practices are limited in the regionForestryMixed hardwoods, e.g. oak and scrub vegetationCleared for farming and settlement, soil exposed to erosionCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

12. Secondary economic activitiesRaw materials are processed further 24 per cent of people in the Mezzogiorno are employed in this area Core Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

13. Secondary economic activities (continued)Manufacturing activitiesRegion did not experience the Industrial or Agricultural Revolution due to:Poor uneducated workforcePoor local market, upland terrain and peripheral locationLack of natural resourcesLimited range of agricultural productsCheap mass-produced goods, could not competeLong distance from EU marketsLittle local capitalBrain drainBefore the 1950s 17 per cent of industrial workforce and output in the regionCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

14. Secondary economic activities (continued)Manufacturing activities (continued) Cassa per il MezzogiornoPositive effects€2.3 billion invested over the next 25 years, Vanoni PlanGrants, subsidies and tax relief to private companiesLaw requiring 40 per cent of all new state-owned companies to locate in the regionNew industrial estates, tax exemptions and transport subsidies, fund for trainingNew international airport at CalabriaDevelopment of Autostrada del SoleHeavy industries 60 per cent of new investment in the southCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Four growth poles, e.g. industrial triangle of Bari-Brindisi-TarantoImproved ports Labour-intensive industries became the focus from the 1970s, e.g. fruit canningCassa disbanded in 1984, 1989–1993 EU structural funds developed the areaWorkforce tripled since the 1960s to 1.4 million people, industry more diversified now, e.g. traditional industriesChapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

15. Secondary economic activities (continued)Manufacturing activities (continued)Cassa per il MezzogiornoNegative effectsVery little spin-off employmentIndustries highly mechanised, created few jobsPolluted the environment2 million jobs lost in agriculture due to mechanisationOverreliance on state investmentUnemployment rate high at 20 per centSpread of industries not evenInfant mortality rate of the region is high, four times that of northern ItalyCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Housing is substandard24 per cent school dropout rate after primary educationInfluence of the MafiaInfrastructure lags behind the northChapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

16. Tertiary economic activitiesProvision of services67 per cent of the population employed in this sectorDeveloped due to funding from the Cassa and the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund)Jobs are seasonal, dependent on tourist trade17 million visitors annuallyCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

17. Tertiary economic activities (continued)TourismBeautiful coastline, ancient ruins, volcanic landscape, cheaper and less crowded, guaranteed sunshinePackage holiday, in the 1950s growth of tourism in the regionLimited to coastal region due to infrastructure15 per cent of Cassa allocated to tourismCommunication links improvedNew airport and ferry linksDeveloped 25 areas for tourism in the south with both direct and indirect employmentCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Tourist industry is seasonal, brings noise and environmental pollution, inflated prices, strained water supplyMass tourism a problem2013 Italian government spoke of untapped potential in the southChapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

18. Tertiary economic activities (continued)TransportPoorly developed€2.5 million of Cassa funds directed to the south’s infrastructure2007–2013 a further €10 billion was spent, two main motorways and to upgrade the region’s ports1995 container port of Gioia Tauro in Calabria developedCalabria still has a GDP of 75 per cent less of EU averageTransport links were not integratedRoads not able to take huge trucks needed to transport goods in large volumesCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

19. Human processesPopulation dynamicsLife expectancy 76 years for men and 82 years for women, healthy lifestyle Roman Catholicism dominant religion, traditionalBirth rate higher than EU average, 9.4 births per 1,000 per year, in Campania it is as high as 13.2 births per 1,000 per yearBirth rate declining with education and urbanisation22 million people, unevenly distributedLow stationary stage, natural increase is lowMajor problems: organised crime, political corruption, outward migration, unemployment rate 20 per cent, slow economic growth, low income levels, low literacy rates, high dependency rate, poor healthcare system Core Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

20. Human processes (continued)Urban developmentLargest urban centres Bari, Naples and TarantoMost small to medium towns on hilltops as easy to defendTraditional industries based hereOutward migration from these areas continuingCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

21. Human processes (continued)The growth of Naples, an urban centreThird largest city, population of 3 million peopleMajor port, many petrochemical industriesGovernmental investment to modernise city, new high-rise CBDControlled by CamorraHigh unemployment and poor housing conditions19 per cent of rubbish recycledClose to Mount Vesuvius and Bay of Naples but hard to market to tourists due to the city’s many urban problemsCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

22. Human processes (continued)MigrationInvaded many times, Greeks, Romans and ArabsMediterranean looking and speak many different dialects1980s experienced outward migration, 1951–1981 4 million people leftMore recent migrants from Eastern Europe, Adriatic Coast and AfricaMany illegal immigrants, up to 50,000 per yearMany were needed as agricultural labourers but numbers now far exceed thisItalian Government have introduced quotas2015 refugee crisis 70,000 migrants, 90 per cent from Libya, Dublin Regulation failed, increased pressure on the MezzogiornoCore Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno

23. Core Unit 2Horizons Book 1Chapter 16 – European peripheral region: The Mezzogiorno