A World of nations amp states Human Geography by Malinowski amp Kaplan Copyright The McGrawHill Companies Inc Permission required for reproduction or display 10 1 Chapter 10 Modules ID: 492464
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Chapter 10 LECTURE OUTLINE
A World of nations & states
Human Geography
by Malinowski & Kaplan
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Chapter 10 Modules
10A Sovereignty, Legitimacy, & Territoriality10B History of Political Forms10C History of States10D Variations in Modern States10E Four Markers of a Nation10F The Relationship between Nations and States10G Nationalism as an Ideology and Force in Statecraft10H Boundaries and Borderlands10I Geopolitics and the Global OrderCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.10-2Slide3
10A: Sovereignty, Legitimacy, & Territoriality of Political Units 1
Political UnitOrganizational entities at several different spatial scales that aid the study of political geography. The most important of these is the country, or state.SovereigntyIndicates that a state has complete control over a defined areaLegitimacyDefines whether a government has the standing or right to rule a state’s people or territory10-3Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide4
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10-4Figure 10A.1States of the WorldSlide5
10B: History of Political Forms
Tribal Groups or ChiefdomsOften had no rigidly defined boundariesFeudal SystemsCity-StatesEmpiresMetropole: dominant part of the empireColonies: subordinate parts of an empire10-5Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide6
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10-6Figure 10B.3The Roman EmpireSlide7
10C: History of States
The Modern State System stems from:The Westphalian state systemTreaty of Westphalia, 1648Clearly bounded, sovereign territoriesThe growth of nationalism & the nation-stateEurope’s impact on the rest of the worldDecolonization in the past two centuries10-7Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide8
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10-8Figure 10C.219th-Century EuropeSlide9
10D: Variations in Modern States
Not all states are created equallySatellite stateStates with less than full sovereigntyExamples: Eastern European countries during the Soviet Union eraSovereignty is not always universalHomelands in South Africa were only recognized as states by the white South African government during the apartheid eraMicro-states10-9Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide10
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10-10Figure 10D.2Apartheid-Era HomelandsSlide11
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10-11Figure 10D.3CyprusSlide12
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10-12Figure 10D.4Bosnia & HerzegovinaSlide13
10E: Four Markers of a Nation
A shared cultural heritage or shared beliefLoyaltyHorizontal loyalty, i.e. loyalty to the nation, not forced by a ruler (vertical loyalty)Primary loyalty, transcending other allegiancesExclusivity, i.e. loyalty to just one nationTerritorial expression, a natural homelandThe quest for self-determinationA key component of nationalism10-13Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide14
10F: The Relationship Between Nations & States
The nation-state ideal is that every nation has its own state, but this is unlikelyMultinational states are the normMultistate nations are those divided among many countriesStateless nations are commonNations may also be scattered to somewhere other than their homeland because of war or chaosA diaspora10-14Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide15
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10-15Figure 10F.2Canada’s Two NationsSlide16
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10-16Figure 10F.3The Arab “Nation”Slide17
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10-17Figure 10F.4KurdistanSlide18
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10-18Figure 10F.5Overseas ChineseSlide19
10G: Nationalism as an Ideology and Force in Statecraft 1
Three views on nations:PrimordialismNations are organically grown entitiesNationalism is just an awakening of something that already existsConstructivismNations are artificial constructions from modernization and the goals of the eliteInstrumentalismNations arise to meet the needs of a particular situation10-19Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide20
10G: Nationalism as an Ideology and Force in Statecraft 2
Centripetal ForcesForces that help to unify a state, such as a strong national identityUnifying institutions such as a national military, a common church, or a great infrastructureCentrifugal ForcesForces that pull apart and disperseEthnoregionalism when a minority national group is concentrated in a particular areaIrredentist movements that seek to leave a state to join similar peoples on the other side of a border10-20Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide21
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10-21Figure 10G.2EritreaSlide22
10H: Boundaries & Borderlands 1
Boundaries are an essential aspect of a political unitInternational boundaries are recognized lines that separate one state from anotherA borderland is the area that surrounds the boundaryA border is an area, a boundary is a lineEffective national territory can include legally controlled territory (de jure area) and sometimes other areas controlled (de facto area)10-22Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Slide23
10H: Boundaries & Borderlands 2
Natural boundariesWhen natural features divide countriesGeometric boundariesLines drawn on a map without much interest in what is on the landscapeAntecedent boundariesBoundaries created before an area is known or populatedSubsequent boundariesCreated after recognized settlementOften drawn to separate existing cultural groupsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.10-23Slide24
10H: Boundaries & Borderlands 3
International boundaries have many functions:Boundaries disrupt traffic (goods, people, information)Such as militarized boundariesSeparate governments & economic systemsHelp embody the edge of national identityCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.10-24Slide25
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10-25Figure 10H.12EuroregionsSlide26
10I: Geopolitics & the Global Order 1
GeopoliticsThe study of how geographical space—including the types of interrelationships between states, the different functions of states, and the different patterns of states—affects global politics.Key early thinkers were Mackinder, Mahan, De SeverskyAlso many used by Nazis to justify German expansionLebensraum, or living spaceCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.10-26Slide27
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10-27Figure 10I.1Mackinder’s ViewSlide28
10I: Geopolitics & the Global Order 2
U.S. foreign policy after World War IIContainment to stop Soviet influence in nonaligned countriesGeorge KennanBelief in the domino theory, or a fear that if one country became communist, others would follow, like falling dominosCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.10-28Slide29
10I: Geopolitics & the Global Order 3
Post-Cold War geopolitics:Geopolitical regions formed by spatial contiguity and political, cultural, military, & economic interactionShatterbeltsRegions that are politically fragmented and often zones of competition between ideological or religious realmsCritical geopolitics:Used to dissect the ways state boundaries are perceived, relationships between states, and the ways the world is portrayedCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.10-29