CUHK Summer Institute 2017 Prof Benoit MAYER bmayercuhkeduhk Sources of greenhouse gas emissions Session 3 International cooperation Todays class International cooperation Addressing climate change ID: 615530
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Slide1
Climate Change, Law, and Politics
CUHK Summer Institute 2017
Prof. Benoit MAYER,
bmayer@cuhk.edu.hk
Slide2
Sources of greenhouse gas emissionsSlide3Slide4
Session 3:
International cooperationSlide5
Today’s class:
International cooperation
Addressing climate change
Climate change as a collective action problem
Climate change as a moral issueSlide6
2. Climate change as
a collective action problemSlide7
Garret Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) 162
Science
1243Slide8
Garret Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) 162
Science
1243Slide9
One pasture open to all;
Many herdsmen raising cattle;
Adding a
cow
benefits an individual farmer…… unless everybody does the same.
Garret Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) 162 Science 1243Slide10
“The rational herdsman concludes that the only sensible course for him to pursue is to add another animal to this herd. And another; and another… But this is the conclusion reached by each and every rational herdsman sharing a commons. Therein is the
TRAGEDY
. …”
Garret Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) 162
Science
1243Slide11
“…
Each man is locked into
a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit – in a world that is limited.
Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons.
Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.
”
Garret Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968) 162 Science 1243Slide12
Can you think of other tragedies of the commons?
Harms…
caused by the cumulative effect…
of rational individual conducts.
For instance?
12Slide13
Air pollution.
Other tragedies of the commons?
13Slide14
Air pollution.
Ecological degradation – soils, freshwaters, seas…
Other tragedies of the commons?
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Air pollution.
Ecological degradation – soils, freshwaters, seas…
Loss of biodiversity.
Other tragedies of the commons?
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Air pollution.
Ecological degradation – soils, freshwaters, seas…
Loss of biodiversity.
Depletion of the ozone layer.
Other tragedies of the commons?
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Air pollution.
Ecological degradation – soils, freshwaters, seas…
Loss of biodiversity.
Depletion of the ozone layer.
Climate change
Other tragedies of the commons?
17Slide18
“
Because
human activities have also grown to become significant geological forces
, for instance through land use changes, deforestation and fossil fuel burning,
it is justified to assign the term ‘Anthropocene’ to the current geological epoch.
”
18
The Anthropocene
(Paul
Crutzen
, 2005)Slide19Slide20
Climate change as a
three-dimensional
collective action problemSlide21
How to address a collective action problem?Slide22
Challenges to international cooperation
Many actors are involved in causing climate change
Many actors are affected in different ways
Strong power differential
Scientific uncertainty
No objective way to define the common interestSlide23
3. Climate change as a moral issueSlide24
G77, Caracas Declaration, 1989:
“Since
developed countries account for the bulk of the production and consumption of environmentally damaging substances
, they should bear the main responsibility in the search for long-term remedies for global environmental protection and should make the major contribution to international efforts to reduce consumption of such substances.”Slide25Slide26Slide27Slide28
Past
GhG
emissionsSlide29Slide30Slide31Slide32Slide33
International negotiations
Table 1: Hong Kong SAR, China
Table 2: China
Table 3: United Kingdom
Table 4: India
Table 5: United StatesTable 6: European UnionSlide34
International negotiations
Part 1
Find out the circumstances of your country relevant to its position in international negotiationsSlide35
International negotiations
Part 1
Find out the circumstances of your country relevant to its position in international negotiations, e.g.:
Historical greenhouse gas emissions,
Present greenhouse gas emissions,
Future evolutions,Population / per capita emissions,Available sources of, and investments in fossil fuels,Available sources of, and investments in renewable energy.Slide36
Next sessions
Session 4: Climate change mitigation: international law
Session 5: Climate change mitigation: municipal laws
Session 6: Debates on geoengineering
Session 7: Adaptation to climate change