Ms Carmelitano Bell Ringer Read the following quote and then answer the question In the name of Allah the compassionate the merciful this is what Khalid ibn al Walid would grant to the inhabitants of Damascus A city in the Muslim Empire He promises to give them security fo ID: 571675
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Slide1
The Muslim Caliphate
Ms.
CarmelitanoSlide2
Bell Ringer
Read the following quote and then answer the question:
“In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful, this is what Khalid
ibn
al
Walid
would grant to the inhabitants of Damascus (A city in the Muslim Empire)… He promises to give them security for their lives, property, and churches. Their city shall not be demolished, neither shall any Muslim be quartered in their houses. Thereunto we give to them the
pact
of Allah and the protection of His Prophet, the Caliphs and the believers. So long as they pay the tax, nothing but good shall befall them.”
- Khalid
ibn
al-
Walid
(chief general during the Muslim Empire)
Question:
1) Who is this quote directed at?
2) What does this quote tell you about how Muslim Caliphs (rulers) treated their subjects?
3) Do you think this characteristic will lead to the success or failure of the Islamic Empire? Why?Slide3
The First Caliph
Muhammad died in 632 CE
He did not leave a successor
The Muslim community elected
Abu-Bakr,
a friend of Muhammad, to be the first CaliphCaliph means deputyThe ruler of the clanSlide4
Caliph Successors
“Rightly-Guided Caliphs”
The first four Caliphs
Abu-Bakr,
Umar, Uthman
, and Ali
Expanded the Muslim State through conquest and trade
Jihad
As tribes began splitting from the caliphate, they invoked
jihad
- meaning “striving”
This can refer to an inner struggle against evil or an armed struggle against unbelieversSlide5Slide6
Reasons for Success
1) The Muslim state had well disciplined armies
2) Weakness of other empires north of Arabia
Such as: Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Empire
3) Byzantine and Sassanid rulers persecuted those who did not practice Christianity or
ZoroastrianismThe Muslim Empire offered religious toleranceSlide7
Treatment of Conquered People
Religious toleration
Qur'an forbade forced conversion
Christians and Jews, “people of the book,” paid a religious tax each year but did not have to be apart of the military
Christians and Jews could be officials, scholars, and bureaucrats
He promises to give them security for their lives, property, and churches. Their city shall not be demolished, neither shall any Muslim be quartered in their houses. Thereunto we give to them the
pact
of Allah and the protection of His Prophet, the Caliphs and the believers. So long as they pay the tax, nothing but good shall befall them.”Slide8
Internal Conflict
656 CE: A civil war began after
Uthman
was murdered
Differing Opinions:
One faction believed that Ali, Muhammad's son-in law should be the successor Due to blood relationThe other faction believed that
Mu’awiya
, the governor of Syria should be the successor
Due to popular election
661 CE – Ali was murderedSlide9
The Umayyad Caliphate (661 CE – 750 CE)
The Umayyad family had supported
Mu’awiya
After Ali’s death, the Umayyad family came to power
Issued coins and hired Byzantine and Persian OfficialsMade Arabic the official language
Moved the Muslim capital to Damascus
Away from Mecca
Arab Muslims felt this capital was too far way
Umayyad family began to surround themselves with wealth and luxuries leading to a divisionSlide10
Battle of Tours
732 CE
The Muslim empire expanded throughout Europe
Muslim armies had been successful in Syria, Egypt, and North Africa
The Battle of Tours:
Abd-al Rahman
lead the military to Tours in France
They were defeated by Charles Martel and the Frankish
Army
The
Muslim
expansion to Western
Europe was endedSlide11Slide12
The Abbasid Caliphate (750 CE – 1258 CE)
Religious and political opposition lead to the end of the Umayyad family
Rebel groups over threw them in 750
CE
The Abbasid Family took control of the empire in 750 CE
In 1258 CE, the Mongols destroyed Baghdad and ended the Islamic EmpireSlide13
The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)
Moved the capital to Baghdad in Iraq in 762
CE
Location was central for trade of gold, goods, and information
Abbasid government
Created:A Treasury and banks
Credit:
Sakks
Coined Money: Dinar
Department of Defense
Sent Diplomats to Europe, Africa, and Asia for business
A tax agency to collect taxesSlide14
The Berbers
The remaining Umayyad family was murdered
Prince
Abd
–al
Rahman escaped to Spain, where he established an independent Muslim
state in al-
Andalus
(Northern Spain)
The
BerbersSlide15
Religious Split
A minority of Muslims resisted the Umayyad Caliphate –
Shi’a
Muslims
Supported Ali
Believed the caliph should be a descendent of MuhammadMembers are called Shi’ites
Those who did not resist the Umayyad family were called
Sunni Muslims
Believed the caliph should be elected
Sufi
– Lived a simple, mystical life
Lived life in poverty and devotion to prayer
Became Muslim mystics who meditate, fast, and preform rituals to commune with God