PPT-1 Memory & Cache Memories: Review 2 Memory is required for storing

1 Memory amp Cache Memories Review 2 Memory is required for storing Data Instructions Different memory types Dynamic RAM Static RAM Readonly memory ROM Characteristics Access time Price Volatility. Avg Access Time 2 Tokens Number of Controllers Average Access Time clock cyles brPage 16br Number of Tokens vs Avg Access Time 9 Controllers Number of Tokens Average Access Time clock cycles brPage 17br brPage 18br Mark Gebhart. 1,2 . Stephen W. Keckler. 1,2. Brucek Khailany. 2. Ronny Krashinsky. 2. . William J. Dally. 2,3. 1. The University of Texas at Austin . 2. NVIDIA . 3. Stanford University. Methodology. Memory Wall . The . growing disparity of speed between CPU and memory outside the CPU . chip. Bandwidth wall: limited . communication bandwidth beyond chip . boundaries. Solution . Memory hierarchy . : . A . group of . related . mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information. What Is Memory?. M. emory . involves . three fundamental processes.. Encoding. : . T. Storing and Retrieving Memories. Module 23. 23-1: . WHAT IS THE CAPACITY OF LONG-TERM MEMORY? ARE OUR LONG-TERM MEMORIES PROCESSED AND STORED IN SPECIFIC LOCATIONS?. Our . capacity for storing long-term memories is essentially limitless.. Storage technologies and trends. Locality of reference. Caching in the memory hierarchy. CS 105. Tour of the Black Holes of Computing. Random-Access Memory (RAM). Key features. RAM. is traditionally packaged as a chip.. Lecture for CPSC 5155. Edward Bosworth, Ph.D.. Computer Science Department. Columbus State University. The Simple View of Memory. The simplest view of memory is . that presented . at the ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) level. At this level, memory is a . Direct-mapped caches. Set-associative caches. Impact of caches on performance. CS 105. Tour of the Black Holes of Computing. Cache Memories. C. ache memories . are small, fast SRAM-based memories managed automatically in hardware. Virtual Memory Use main memory as a “cache” for secondary (disk) storage Managed jointly by CPU hardware and the operating system (OS) Programs share main memory Each gets a private virtual address space holding its frequently used code and data Chapter 6: Memory Memory is our brain’s system for filing away new knowledge and retrieving previously learned information While memory is an essential human attribute, it is not always accurate Learning Keyboard. (Encoding). Disk. (Storage). Monitor. (Retrieval. Sequential Process. Studying memory. Memory. Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Final exam details:. Monday 12/13, 1pm – 3pm. 80%+ on post-midterm material. A couple unseen problems, a few “short-response” questions. Questions ordered easy to difficult. 3+3 reference sheets (double sided). Hagersten. , . Landin. , and . Haridi. (1991). Presented by Patrick . Eibl. Outline. Basics of Cache-Only Memory Architectures. The Data Diffusion Machine (DDM). DDM Coherence Protocol. Examples of Replacement, Reading, Writing. Representasi Knowledge. MODEL MEMORY. EARLY STUDIES. Ebbinghaus (Germany – ON MEMORY/1882). Memory dapat dipahami melalui . formed ideas. dan kemudian mencari sumbernya. (eksistensinya tidak dapat dipahami secara langsung namun dari efeknya .