By John Joseph Justin Hicks and Daniel Silberstein Overview Scattering the deflection of radiation by particles in the atmosphere Solar shortwave radiation the radiation that makes its way into the Earths atmosphere in the form of UV and visible waves ID: 526784
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Slide1
Atmospheric Sulfate Aerosols
By: John Joseph, Justin Hicks, and Daniel SilbersteinSlide2
Overview
Scattering
: the deflection of radiation by particles in the atmosphere
Solar (shortwave) radiation: the radiation that makes its way into the Earth’s atmosphere in the form of UV and visible wavesLongwave radiation: radiation emitted by the Earth in the form of Infrared wavesEarth’s Radiation Budget: Net radiation = Net solar radiation + Net longwave radiationAerosols: small particles suspended in the atmosphere that scatter or absorb radiation (depending on their size)Geoengineering: artificial modification of Earth’s climateAlbedo: Reflectivity of a given surface
https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/oyw/scool-featured-lesson-classification-of-clouds
/Slide3
Overview
http://usra.ca/echoreflection.phpSlide4
Overview
Mount Pinatubo
Eruption in 1991 led to the release of 10 Teragrams of SO
2From 1991-1993, global temperatures were 1°F (0.5°C) coolerGeoengineering with the use of Sulphate aerosols models the effects of volcanic eruptions Particles would be added into Stratosphere insteadGoal of injecting Sulphate aerosols would be to decrease the average global temperature by decreasing the amount of UV radiation that makes it to Earth’s surface
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/Slide5
Science! How do Sulfate Aerosols do what they do?
SO
2 (g)
+ 2H20(g) H2SO4Sulfuric acid vapor in the stratosphere increases albedo.Vapor coagulates in stratosphere.
Bigger drops have lower albedo.
H
2
SO
4
vapor stays in atmosphere for
years.
Ideally,1
kg of sulfate aerosol can offset approximately 100,000 kg of CO
2
.Slide6
Delivery
Balloon
High payload.
Military/civilian aircraftReusable, with low payload.ARTILLERYCannon and railgun.Slide7
Benefits of Using Sulfate Aerosols
Decreases temperature
Reduces sea ice melting
Reduces land ice sheet meltingReduces sea level risingIncreases plant productivityIncrease in diffuse radiation allows plants
to photosynthesize more efficiently
Increases terrestrial CO2 sink
Beautiful Sunsets
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2138678/Edvard-Munch-The-Scream-painting-fetches-119m-Sothebys-auction.htmlSlide8
Criticisms of Using Sulfate Aerosols
Slows the recovery of the ozone layer
Shown to be correlated with ozone
depletion Less solar power Requires continuous injection Short lifespan depending on location in
atmosphere
Cost
Airplanes
~ $225 million - $4 billion per year
Artillery shells
~ $30 billion per year
Stratospheric balloons
~ $21 billion - $30 billion per
year
No governing agency exists
today
Can lead to an increase in acid rain
Kravitz et al. 2009Slide9
Summary
Injection
of sulfate aerosols ultimately increases the albedo and amount of scattering
decreasing the net solar energy decreases average global temperaturesEssentially, the human race has already experienced the effects of atmospheric sulfate aerosols due to volcanic activity Like most solutions, injection of aerosols would be costlyinjection could be paired with other methods to combat climate changeMore Sulphate aerosols will have to be pumped into the atmosphere the longer we wait to take action
http://www.kravmagagilbert.com/?attachment_id=530Slide10
Works Cited
Epstein, E. 3 May, 2012.
Iconic ‘Scream’ painting fetches a whopping $119 million at auction. Daily Mail Online. 7 November, 2015.Kravitz, B., A. Marquardt, A. Robock, G. Stenchikov. 2009. Benefits, risks, and costs of stratospheric geoengineering. Geophysical Research Letters. 36: 1-9. 10.1029/2009GL039209, 2009Rasch
, P., S. Tilmes
, R. Turco, A.
Robock
, L. Oman, C. Chen, G.
Stenchikov
, and R. Garcia. 2008.
An overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric
sulphate
aerosols (Links to an external site.)
.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 366: 4007-4037. DOI
: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0131
Newhall
, Chris, J. W.
Hendley
II, P. H. Stauffer. 28 February 2005. “
The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
.
”
USGS
, 113-97. 08 November 2015.
Wigley
, Tom. "A combined mitigation/geoengineering approach to climate stabilization."
University Corporation
for
Atmospheric Research
. UCAR, 14 Sept. 2006. Web. 7 Nov. 2015. <http://
www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2006/injections.shtml
>.
Sharpwriter
. "Bill Clinton the Lady Killer."
DeviantArt
. DeviantArt, 2013. Web. 6 Nov. 2015. http://
sharpwriter.deviantart.com/art/Bill-Clinton-the-Lady-Killer-357619589
>.