Generation of Mangrove Maps Training Course on Marine GIS for Operational Oceanography January 1822 2016 International Training Centre for operational OceanographyITCO INCOIS Hyderabad India ID: 548759
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Lecture OnGeneration of Mangrove Maps
Training Course on
‘Marine GIS
for Operational Oceanography’January 18-22, 2016
International Training Centre for operational Oceanography(ITCO), INCOIS, Hyderabad, India
R S Mahendramahendra@incois.gov.in Slide2
Mangroves are a crossroad where oceans, freshwater, and land realms meet. They are among the most productive and complex ecosystems on the planet, growing under environmental conditions that would kill ordinary plants very quickly.They are the buffer zone between the land and the sea.Mangroves protect the soil from erosion.They play an invaluable role as a nature’s shield against cyclones, ecological disasters and as protector of shorelines.They are a breeding and nursery grounds for a variety of marine animals.
Importance of mangroveSlide3
Biological DiversityMangroves provide food, nesting and nursery areas for many coastal and marine organisms which include fish species, amphibian species, mammal species and bird species. Removal the mangroves and many of these species might be driven to extinction, invariably affecting us as source of food and water and many other waysSlide4
Environmental ProtectionMangroves protect the coastline by acting as "wave breaks”.They stabilize coastlines and serve as natural barriers/protectors against huge storms, preserving coastlines.They act as wind breaks which reduce the force of winds, lowering the chances of property getting destroyed in wind storms.It also provides protection from tsunami wavesSlide5
Mangrove Distribution
Found in
coastal areas
all over the tropicsPrimarily in brackish water
salty and fresh mixCover approximately
22 million hectares in tropical and subtropical coastsWithin the 20
oC isocline
Source: commons.wikimedia.orgSlide6
Mangrove Distribution in IndiaSlide7
James A. Danoff-Burg, Columbia University, jd363@columbia.eduMangrove Species Zonation
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Ceriops
australis
Avicennia marina
Rhizophora
stylosa
Salinity
Inundation
Decreasing Soil Stability
Sedimentation Rate
All increase toward shore
Sea
LandSlide8
Why to map mangroves?Mangroves help in production of detritus, organic matter, recycling of nutrients, and thus enrich coastal waters and support life.Routine monitoring is essential.Principal component and band ratio techniques are most suited for mangrove discrimination.Mangrove zonations essential for bio-diversity assessment and preparing management plans.Slide9
Mangrove Mapping MethodsField surveys: transect, Grid, randomRemote sensing: Visual and DigitalAerial survey: medium altitude, low altitudeSlide10
Plate depicting the ETM spectral window and its transmission percentage (above). The individual bands (below).Scientific Base for MappingZhang and Tian (2013)Slide11
Case studiesSlide12
Spatio-temporal changes in the Mangrove environs due to 2004 Sumatra Eq.MethodsCase study 1Slide13
Total ~49.24 km2 areas of mangroves were degraded during 2000-2006 in the Andaman coast.
Change AssessmentSlide14
Table 2 Data set used for the study
Satellite
Sensor
Spatial ResolutionWavelength(µm)
Date of Acquisition
Landsat TM
30 m
0.52-0.60
0.76-0.90
1.55-1.75
29/01/1991
Landsat
TM
30 m
0.52-0.60
0.76-0.90
1.55-1.75
28/10/2000
Resurcesat-1
LISS-IV
5.8 m
0.52-0.59
0.62-0.68
0.77-0.86
22/07/2006
Study area
Satellite Data used
Identification of hot spots and well managed areas of
Pichavaram
Mangrove
Case study 1
Kumar et al 2012Slide15
Mangrove Mapping and MonitoringCase Study: Pichavaram Mangroves
Srinivasa Kumar, T., Mahendra, R. S., Nayak, S., Radhakrishnan, K. R. and Sahu, K. C. (2011) Identification of hot spots and well managed areas of Pichavaram mangrove using Landsat TM and Resourcesat – 1 LISS IV: An example of coastal resource conservation along Tamil Nadu Coast, India. Journal of Costal Conservation, DOI: 10.1007/s11852-011-0162-3, available online.
Kumar et al 2012Slide16
Mangrove ClassArea in km2
1991
2000
2006Dense Mangrove
2.76
3.175.00
Open Mangrove
1.80
3.38
2.06
Total area
4.56
6.55
7.06
Spatio
-temporal variation of
Pichavaram
Mangroves
Kumar et al 2012Slide17
Area of Mangrove classesKumar et al 2012Slide18
Spatio-temporal changes in the coral environs due to 2004 Sumatra Eq.
Tobita, et al, 2005
Tectonic disturbances
Total Coral AreaExposed Reefs
Total area of exposed category recorded ~113 km
2
from Andaman IslandsSlide19
Zonation of Mangroves - Sunderbans
Lothian
Dhanchi
Avicennia denseAvicennia marina dense Avicennia sparseAegialitis-Ceriops-Excoecaria D Phoenix denseMarsh vegetationGrass (Dhanchi)Saline blanksInter-tidal mudflatSandCreekSlide20
Mangrove of Koringa Creek KakinadaReddy and Roy (2008)Net reduction of mangrove area 8.8 km2 Slide21
The Remote Sensing and GIS techniques used in concurrence with the usage of satellite data gives fairly better results in understanding the spatio-temporal changes in mangroves along the coastal zones. In light of all these facts and analyses, it can be concluded that there is a strong need to make necessary coastal management programmes and implement them in potential risk zones.
Conclusions of case studiesSlide22
Thank You