/
Psychological Disorders and Treatments Psychological Disorders and Treatments

Psychological Disorders and Treatments - PowerPoint Presentation

faustina-dinatale
faustina-dinatale . @faustina-dinatale
Follow
342 views
Uploaded On 2019-11-07

Psychological Disorders and Treatments - PPT Presentation

Psychological Disorders and Treatments 810 and 79 A combined 1519 of the exam Questions to Consider How should we define psychological disorders How should we understand disorders Do underlying biological factors contribute to disorders ID: 764103

disorders disorder psychological brain disorder disorders brain psychological therapy behaviors behavior diagnostic anxiety symptoms depression criteria risk mood social

Share:

Link:

Embed:

Download Presentation from below link

Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Psychological Disorders and Treatments" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.


Presentation Transcript

Psychological Disorders and Treatments 8-10% and 7-9% (A combined 15-19% of the exam)

Questions to Consider How should we define psychological disorders ? How should we understand disorders? Do underlying biological factors contribute to disorders? How do troubling environments influence our well-being? How do nature and nurture interact? How should we classify psychological disorders? And can we do so in a way that allows us to help people without stigmatizing them with labels?

Defining Psychological Disorders According to the American Psychiatric Association…. Psychological Disorder- a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior Disturbed behaviors are maladaptive —they interfere with everyday life

Risk Factors- Nature or Nurture

The Diathesis Stress Model NO STRESS STRESS NO GENETIC PREDISPOSITION GENETIC PREDISPOSITION

Prevalence of Psychological Disorders 26% of American Adults Immigrants experience better mental health than their native US counterparts 75% Experience Symptoms before Age 24 Poverty plays a large role in psychological disorders, why?

The Medical Model Psychological disorders are diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnoses, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through hospitalization Does not account for environmental factors

The Biophychosocial Approach Includes the influences of both nature and nurture Bio- psycho- social

Classifying Psychological Disorders American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (5 th Edition) DSM-V Guides medical diagnoses and defines who is eligible for treatments, including medication

Clearing Up Some Terminology Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist People with psychological disorders vs. insanity

Person First Language

Psychological disorders project

The Pros and Cons of Diagnostic Labels The Rosenhan Study Pros Cons

Psychological Disorders and Treatments Organization: Name and classification (when applicable) of the disorder (How is it classified in the DSM-V?) Diagnostic criteria (How is it diagnosed? What are the common symptoms? Understanding the disorder (how do the different perspectives contribute to the understanding of the disorder and how it is formed?)

Anxiety Disorders- Classification

Anxiety Disorders- Diagnostic Criteria Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce quality of life Duration of 6 months or more

Generalized Anxiety Disorder- Diagnostic Criteria Continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Worry continuously, jittery, agitated, and sleep-deprived May cause a depressed mood and lead to physical problems such as high blood pressure Debilitating- interferes with normal functioning

Panic Disorders- Diagnostic Criteria Marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror, accompanying chest pain, choking , or other frightening sensations

Specific Phobia- Diagnostic Criteria Irrational fears cause the person to avoid some object Individual become incapacitated by their efforts to avoid the fearful situation

Social Anxiety Disorder- Diagnostic Criteria Intense fear of being scrutinized by others, avoiding potentially embarrassing social situations, such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties Fear of performance situations is a specialized subset

Agoraphobia- Diagnostic Criteria Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control or panic

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder- Diagnostic Criteria Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and or actions (compulsions) Persistently interfere with everyday living and causes distress Onset occurs in the late teens or 20s; effects 2-3 percent of the population

OCD in Mrs. Lallemand’s Favorite Movie 

Crash Course- Anxiety and OCD

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder- Diagnostic Criteria Classified under Trauma and Stress Related Disorders 4 Diagnostic Criteria Re-experience (through dreams or thoughts) Avoidance (of situations or people) Persistent Negative Alterations in Cognition and Mood (numbing of mood, persistent negative emotional state) Alteration in Arousal and Reactivity (includes irritability, aggressive behavior, reckless or self-destructive behavior)

Analysis of Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD How do they Form? From the behavioral perspective Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning Biological perspective Natural selection Genes The brain

Mood Disorders-Classification Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

Major Depressive Disorder-Diagnosis The presence of at least five of the following symptoms over a two week period of time Depressed mood most of the day Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activity most of the day Significant weight loss or gain when not dieting, or significant decrease or increase in appetite Insomnia or sleeping too much

Major Depressive Disorder-Diagnosis The presence of at least five of the following symptoms over a two week period of time Physical agitation or lethargy Fatigue or loss of energy Feeling worthless, or excessive or inappropriate guilt Problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Bipolar Disorder- Diagnostic Criteria Mania- a mood disorder marked by hyperactive, widely optimistic state Individuals with bipolar disorder alternate between depression and mania (from week to week, not day to day)

Understanding Mood Disorders Some facts about depression…. Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression Depression is widespread Women’s risk of major depression is double that of men’s Most major depressive episodes self-terminate

Understanding Mood Disorders Some facts about depression… Stressful events related to work, marriage, or relationships often precede depression With each new generation, depression is striking earlier, affection more people, with the highest rates in developed countries Depression has 37% heritability, bipolar disorder 80%

Understanding Mood Disorders

The Biological Perspective Mood disorders run in families Heritability of depression is 37% Heritability of bipolar disorder is 80%

The Biological Perspective The Depressed Brain Lower levels of serotonin and dopamine

PET Scan of Depressed vs. Bipolar Brain Review: How does a PET scan work? What can it show us? PET scans show that energy consumption in the brain goes up during manic episodes of bipolar disorder

The Social-Cognitive Perspective Learned helplessness- when faced with adverse events, an individual (animal or human) may begin to believe that they have no control over situations and begin to feel hopeless Rumination- staying focused on a problem Adaptive when trying to solve an external problem or overcome a challenge Problematic when self-focused

The Social-Cognitive Perspective Depression prone people tend to respond to bad events in an especially self-focused, self-blaming way Think about it from a mindset perspective…

Crash Course- Depression and Bipolar Disorder

Schizophrenia-Classification Means “split mind” NOT THE SAME AS MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER OR SPLIT BRAIN RESEARCH!! Split, as in split from reality Classified under Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Psychosis- a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Schizophrenia- Diagnosis and Symptoms Individual exhibits two of the following symptoms Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech and behavior Other symptoms that cause social and occupational dysfunction (often diminished or inappropriate emotion) Symptoms present for 6 months with at least 1 month of active symptoms

Delusions vs. Hallucinations Delusions- false thoughts Often about grandeur or persecution Can manifest as paranoia- fear based delusions Hallucinations- false sensory experiences Seeing, hearing, smelling, or tasting something that is not actually there Auditory hallucinations are common, hearing voices, often persecuting or ordering

Anderson Cooper Schizophrenia Simulation

Inappropriate Emotions and Disorganized Behaviors Emotions Expressed emotions are utterly inappropriate Anger for no reason, laughing when others are crying May exhibit flat affect- expressing no emotions at all Most have difficulty perceiving facial emotions and exhibiting empathy Behaviors Senseless, compulsive acts such as continually rocking or rubbing arms Catatonic (motionless for hours), followed by becoming agitated

Onset and Development Strikes as young people are maturing into adulthood Affects 1 in 100 people All cultures are susceptible Effects both men and women, thought men seem to get it earlier and it strikes more severely

Onset and Development Can appear suddenly in reaction to stress (easier to treat ) Can develop gradually- typically individuals with a history of social inadequacy and poor school performance (harder to treat) Positive Symptoms- hallucinations, disorganized talking, inappropriate emotions Negative Symptoms- toneless voice, expressionless faces, mute rigid bodies

Understanding Schizophrenia- Biological Perspective

Neurotransmitters Dopamine over activity Brains of deceased schizophrenics show a six fold increase in dopamine receptors Intensified hallucinations and paranoia

Abnormal Brain Anatomy and Activity Review…what are the functions of the following brain structures? Thalamus- Amygdala- Corpus callosum- Cerebrum/ cortex/ cerebral cortex- Frontal Lobe (a portion of the cortex)-

Abnormal Brain Anatomy and Activity Review…what are the functions of the following brain structures? Thalamus- filters incoming sensory information and relays it to the proper area of the cortex for processing and storage Amygdala- fear processing center Corpus callosum- connection between the two hemispheres of the brain Cerebrum/ cortex/ cerebral cortex- where sensory information is processed, memories are stored, and higher order thinking occurs Frontal Lobe (a portion of the cortex)- reasoning, planning, and problem solving

Abnormal Brain Anatomy and Activity Considering the function of each part of the brain and the symptoms of schizophrenia, try to predict how the brains of schizophrenic patients may differ from a nonschizophrenic individual.

Abnormal Brain Anatomy and Activity Thalamus- PET scans show increased activity during hallucinations Amygdala- PET scans show increased activity during paranoid episodes Increased fluid and smaller brain regions (cortex, thalamus, and corpus callosum) slows neural firing and interrupts coordination of neural signaling Frontal Lobe (a portion of the cortex )- a noticeable decline in the brain waves

Genetic Factors Twin studies show an increased risk 60-70% of identical twins both being diagnosed with schizophrenia vs. 10-30% for fraternal twins

Nature via Nurture Low birth weights, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, and oxygen deprivation during delivery Brain fully develops during midpregancy (2 nd trimester) Viral infections during pregnancy Increased risk if the country experiences a flue epidemic Increased risk if you are born in more densely populated area Increased risk if you were born in the spring or summer Increased risk if your mother was sick while pregnant

Nurture- Risk Factors A mother whose schizophrenia was severe or long-lasting Birth complication, often involving oxygen deprivation and low birth weight Short attention span and poor muscle coordination Disruptive or withdrawn behavior Emotional unpredictability Poor peer relations and solo play

Other Disorders

Somatic Symptom Disorder Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause Vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision, difficulty in swallowing, prolonged pain Can be strongly influenced by culture Diagnostic Criteria: Persistently symptomatic (at least 6 months) Significantly distressing or disruptive to daily life and must be accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Illness Anxiety Disorder Formerly known as hypochondria Disorder in which the individual interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a serious disease Diagnostic Criteria:   heightened bodily sensations, are intensely anxious about the possibility of an undiagnosed illness, or devote excessive time and energy to health concerns, often obsessively researching them

Dissociative Identity Disorder A rare disorder in which a person has two or more distinct and alternating personalities Diagnostic Criteria Two or more distinct personality states must be present, each with their own way of being Recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events that are inconsistent with ordinary forgetting No substance abuse problems

Dissociative Disorder Controversy- is it a real disorder? Disorder is localized in time and space We are all capable of presenting a different version of ourselves Hillside strangler case Individuals diagnosed show heightened brain activity in brain areas associated with the control and inhibition of traumatic memories Psychodynamic theory and learning theory support a possible mechanism

Crash Course!

Anorexia Nervosa- Diagnosis Significantly low body weight for their developmental stage (85% of what is considered normal in previous additions) and restrictive calorie intake. An overtly expressed fear of weight gain AND persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain. Distorted body image.

Anorexia Nervosa Associated problems Growth of fine hair on the body Thinning of bones and hair Severe constipation Low blood pressure Damage to heart and thyroid Risk indicators White Female Middle or higher income family Perfectionist Traumatic event

Bulimia Nervosa- Diagnosis Bing eating and inappropriate purging (via induced vomiting or laxative use) behavior once weekly

Bulimia Nervosa Associated problems Chronic soar throat Kidney problems Dehydration Gastrointestinal disorders Dental problems Risk indicators Highly perfectionistic Secretive Low self-efficacy Impulsiveness Depression Sexual and physical abuse in childhood

Causes and Treatments Causes Susceptibility to social pressure Genetic influence on psychological characteristics (perfectionism, impulsivity, serotonin regulation) Changes in the brain due to the disorder treatments Psychotherapy Hospitalization A combination of both

Binge-Eating Disorder- Diagnosis Bing eating once weekly over the last 3 months Characteristics Most are overweight Eat quickly, a great deal when not hungry, or until they are uncomfortably full Experience disgust or shame after binging Often eat alone

Binge-Eating Disorder Associated problems Diabetes Hypertension Cardiovascular disease Risk indicators Overweight already Likely to place emphasis on physical appearance, weight, and body shape Emotional eaters

Causes and Treatments Causes Emotional eating/stressful events Areas of the brain and endocrine system that respond to stress are overactive- more likely to see events as stressful treatments Psychotherapy Weight loss Changing relationship with food

Personality Disorders A collection of psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning Divided into three “clusters” with key characteristics

Personality Disorders Cluster A- Eccentric or o dd behaviors Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B- dramatic or impulsive behaviors Antisocial Borderline (I love you, I hate you, Please don’t leave me) Histrionic (attention seeking) Narcissistic (intense love of self) Cluster C- Fearful sensitivity to rejection Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-compulsive

Antisocial Personality Disorder-Diagnosis Significant impairments in personality functioning manifest by impairments in self-functioning and interpersonal functioning. Self-Functioning: Identity : Ego-centrism; self-esteem derived from personal gain, power, or pleasure. Self-direction : Goal-setting based on personal gratification ; absence of prosocial internal standards associated with failure to conform to lawful or culturally normative ethical behavior. Impairments in interpersonal functioning: Empathy : Lack of concern for feelings, needs, or suffering of others; lack of remorse after hurting or mistreating another. Intimacy : Incapacity for mutually intimate relationships , as exploitation is a primary means of relating to others, including by deceit and coercion; use of dominance or intimidation to control others.

Antisocial Personality Disorder The most troubling and heavily research of the personality disorders Sociopath/psychopath Male that shows symptoms before age 15 Criminality is not an essential component, but about 50% participate in criminal behavior Behave impulsively and then feel and fear little

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder Specific genes associated with antisocial personality disorder have been identified Individuals with the disorder show little fear and little autonomic nervous system arousal, low levels of stress hormones If channeled it may lead to adventurousness, heroism, and athleticism The genes that put individuals at risk for antisocial personality disorder also put them at risk for substance abuse problems

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder Decreased brain activity in the frontal lobe and the area of the cortex that helps control impulses Deficits in frontal lobe functions such as planning, organization, and inhibition Respond poorly to the facial displays of those in distress Inability to feel empathy

Crash Course!

Treatments

Types of Therapy Psychotherapy- therapy in which a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth Biomedical therapies- offers medication or other biological treatments Most treatments include components of both

Psychotherapy Myth

Psychotherapy Reality

Psychoanalysis Developed by Freud Not typically used today Presumes that you can only be healthier and less anxious when you truly know yourself and are able to confront your unconscious Free Association- you say what comes to mind Resistance- any time you are stuck on an idea, joke about it, or go blank Interpretation- what the therapist interprets about your resistance

Humanistic Therapies Carl Rodgers Unconditional Positive Regard Client-centered Therapy Active Listening

Carl Rogers and Gloria

Behavior Therapies Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors View maladaptive behaviors as behaviors that can be replaced by constructive behaviors

Classical Conditioning Review

Classical Conditioning Techniques Work on the principle of counterconditioning- using classical conditioning to evoke a new response to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors Two substitute a positive response for a negative response in a harmless situation Exposure therapies Systematic Desensitization The third substitutes a negative response for a positive response in a harmful situation Aversive Conditioning

Exposure Therapies Expose people to what they normally avoid or escape (behaviors that are reinforced by reduced anxiety) “Face your fears” Allows people to habituate to the fear

Exposure Therapy

Systematic Desensitization if you can repeatedly relax when facing anxiety-providing stimuli, you can gradually eliminate your anxiety Must proceed gradually Involves progressive relaxation Therapist would ask you to relax one muscle group after another until you are completely relaxed Then you would be asked to imagine an anxiety provoking scenario As you feel anxiety you would raise your hand, and the therapist would instruct you to stop imagining the scene and go back to progressive relaxation

Aversive Conditioning Unwanted behavior is associated with an unpleasant feeling Bitter nail polish for nail biting Bitter apple spray for dogs that chew Alcohol mixed with drugs that cause vomiting Not as effective Individual outside of treatment has free will Once the pairing is terminated there may be extinction

Operant Conditioning Also known as behavioral modification Reinforcement of desired behaviors while withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors In an institutional setting may take the form of a token economy- patients receive tokens for positive behaviors that can be exchanged for prizes of their choosing Will it last? Is it ethical?

Cognitive Therapies Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking, based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Arron Beck’s Therapy for Depression Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Confrontational therapy that vigorously challenges peoples illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions Albert Ellis

Albert Ellis and Gloria

Aaron Beck’s Treatment for Depression Cognitive therapist that believes in changing peoples thinking but emphasis a gentler approach A good example of the steps taken during cognitive therapy Aims to reverses catastrophizing beliefs about situations, self, and future

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy Changes both thinking and behavior Become aware of your negative thinking, replace it with positive thinking, and practice that more positive approach everyday Works for anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and may also be helpful with OCD

Benefits of Group therapy Saves the therapists time and the clients money Offers a social setting in which to explore social behaviors and developing skills Enables people to see that their problems aren’t unique Provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving

Table 72.1 page 725

Biomedical Therapies Physicaly changing the brain’s functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs or affecting its circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery

Drug Therapies Antagonist compete for the receptor sites of neurotransmitters used when the neurotransmitter is found in excess Agonist Increase the availability of specific neurotransmitters Used when the neurotransmitter is lacking

Drug Therapies

Antipsychotic Drugs Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other severe thought disorders Dopamine antagonist- they block dopamine receptor sites Examples: Chlorpromazine “ Chlor -pro-ma-zine” Risperdal and Zyprexa Side Effects; sluggishness, tremors, twitches similar to those of Parkinson’s (not enough dopamine  Parkinson’s)

Antianxiety Drugs Depress the central nervous system to control anxiety and agitation Examples: Xanax Ativan Side Effects: learned response and dependency

Drug Therapies

Antidepressants Also known as SSRIs- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Agonists- work by increasing the availability by blocking its reuptake Also successful in treating anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and PTSD Examples: Fluoxitine (Prozac) Zoloft Paxil

Neuron

SSRI Mechanism

Natural Antidepressants Aerobic Exercise Cognitive Therapy

Mood Stabilizing Medication Lithium and Depakote (usually used for epilepsy) are effective in treating the manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder

Brain Stimulation Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) – used for severely depressed patients by sending a brief electric current through the brain of an anesthetized patient Effective treatment for sever treatment-resistant depression Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( rTMS )- repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain of awake patients May cause more connections in the frontal lobe

Psychosurgery Lobotomy- separating the frontal lobes from the emotion controlling centers of the brain Calmed uncontrollably emotional and violent patients Produced permanently lethargic, immature, and unreactive individuals No longer practiced

Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Aerobic exercise (30 min per day, 3 times per week) Adequate Sleep (7-8 hours per night) Light Exposure (30 minutes per day)- amplifies arousal and regulates hormone levels) Social Connection (allows for human need to belong) Antirumination (identify and redirect negative thoughts) Healthy Diet (supports healthy brain and body function)