1789-1799 French Revolution - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

1789-1799

French RevolutionSlide2

5 Stages of the French Revolution

Stage One

Spring and Summer of 1789

Meeting of the Estates-GeneralStorming of the BastilleThe Great FearStage Two1789-1791National AssemblyDeclaration of the Rights of ManConstitution of 1791Stage Three1791-1792Legislative AssemblyEmergence of 3 political groupsSeptember Massacre

Stage Four

1792-1795

National Convention

Reign of Terror

Committee of Public Safety

Thermodorian Reaction

Stage Five

1795-1799

Directory

Coup d’etatSlide3

Causes of the French Revolution

Old Regime

Left over feudal social system from the Middle Ages

Third Estate (lowest class)heavily taxedNo rightspoorSlide4

Causes

Enlightenment Ideas

Enlightened figures questioned why so few held so much power

Ideas of equality, liberty, democracy spread among the Third EstateInspired by the American RevolutionSlide5

Economic WoesOnce prosperous economy failing

Population expanding rapidly

Cost of living on the rise

Heavy taxationWidespread crop failuresDebt due to support of American RevolutionCauses Slide6

Causes

Weak Leader

King Louis XVI indecisive

“out to lunch”Married to Marie Antoinette“Madame Deficit”Wanted to tax 2nd Estate to save economySlide7

Estate=social class

Three estates

First Estate

Catholic Church ClergyTypes of jobs?Bishops, abbots, priestsWhat was their % of France’s population?1-2% of populationDid they pay any taxes?NoPaid “free gift” of 2% of income to the kingOld RegimeSlide8

Second Estate

Nobility

What types of job?

Military officialsCourt officersWhat % of population?2% of the populationDid they pay taxes?NOOld RegimeSlide9

Third Estate

% of population?

97% of the population

Did they pay taxes?All of France’s taxesBourgeoisieJobs?Doctors, lawyers, bankers, merchantsUrban Working Class (sans-culottes)Jobs?Blacksmith, baker, servant, peddlerPeasantsJobs?FarmersHomeless and poorPaid “corvee”Working taxOld RegimeSlide10

Stage One-Spring 1789

Calling of the Estates-General May 5, 1789

Topic: Should nobility pay taxes to reduce economic crisis?

Voting SystemEach estate gets 1 vote total1st and 2nd estates vote the sameThird Estate demanded a direct vote—told no and eventually dismissed from meetingEstates-General voted against nobility paying taxesIn protest, 3rd Estate refuses to leave and locks themselves into Tennis Court to define their protestSlide11

Creation of the National Assembly

June 17, 1789

Members of 3

rd Estate voted to end the absolute monarchyIntent on creating a representative governmentSigned their pact on June 20, 1789-Tennis Court OathStage One- Spring 1789Slide12

Stage One-Summer of 1789

Storming of the Bastille

July 14, 1789

Parisians storm the largest prison in France in protest to King Louis XVI’s placement of Swiss troops in ParisParisians storm the prison’s magazine to gain ammunition and released all prisoners7 political prisonersSymbolic event of French independenceSlide13

Stage One-Summer 1789

The Great Fear

Wave of panic sweeps over countryside

Peasant fear noble terrorization so they lash outBurn noble’s homesDestroy nobles financial booksSlide14

Stage One-Summer 1789

Woman’s March on Versailles

Parisian women marched to Versailles to bring Louis and Marie back to Paris

They were successful – Louis XVI and his family will never return to VersaillesSlide15

Created in Fall of 1789Created and lead by bourgeoisie members

Wrote the

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Goal was to restructure French government Constitutional MonarchyHeld elections for new representative bodyStage Two-National Assembly Slide16

Legislative Assembly made up of elected representatives

Goals:

implement and uphold the Constitution of 1791

Tackle food shortages, debt, cries for more freedomsPlagued with disagreements the Assembly splits into 3 political groups: Radicals Moderates ConservativesStage Three-Legislative Assembly Slide17

RADICALS

“

left-wing”Opposed the king and idea of a monarchyWanted sweeping changesProposed a RepublicUsed violencePeasants, intellectuals, urban working classMODERATES“centrists”Wanted some changes but not as many as radicalsBelieved power should not be in the hands of the massesBourgeoisie

CONSERVATIVES

“right-wing”

Upheld idea of limited monarchy

Wanted few or no changes

Bourgeoisie and some nobility

Stage Three-Legislative AssemblySlide18

Monarchies around Europe feared revolutionary ideas may spread

Austria states support for Louis XVI and threatened to invade

Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria

What is significant about the relationship of Louis XVI and the Austrian Emperor?France now has domestic and foreign conflictsStageThree-Legislative AssemblySlide19

Stage Three-Legislative Assembly

Radicals begin to dominate Legislative Assembly

July 25, 1792: Radicals capture Louis XVI and family and put in a stone tower in Paris

September Massacre (September 1792)French troops leaving Paris to fight Austrians Parisians fear less troops will allow captured nobles to escape and regain controlRadicals lead raid on imprisoned nobles and clergy and kill 1000’s Slide20

Stage Three-Legislative Assembly

Radicals take over Legislative Assembly

Ends limited monarchy and Constitution of 1791

Louis XVI deposed as kingLegislative Assembly dissolvedSlide21

Takes over after Legislative Assembly-September 21, 1792

Made up of radical leaders from the Jacobin Club

Supported a REPUBLIC

3 Main Leaders:Maximilien Robespierre – “The Incorruptible”Jean Paul Marat-writer, newspaper editorGeorge Danton-great oratorStage Four-National ConventionSlide22

CHANGES:

Abolished monarchy and declared France a REPUBLIC

All adult males could vote and hold office

Louis XVI=common citizenCitizen Army1793- First Coalition takes on France GB, Holland, Spain, Austria and PrussiaNational Convention holds a draftBy 1794, 800,000 men and WOMEN fighting to protect FranceStage Four-National ConventionSlide23

“REPUBLIC OF VIRTURE”

Goal: to create a republic based on the

virtues

of “LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY”To lead a “virtuous” life, one must change his ways… -No signs of monarchy allowed -no face cards in deck of cards -closed churches --- seen as a threat to authority -Changed calendar -eliminated Sundays -10 day weeks, 30 day months -changed names of months to represent climate -1789=year 1Stage Four- National ConventionSlide24

REIGN OF TERROR

Stage Four-National Convention

“The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.” ~Robespierre

Goal: use terror to enforce the Republic’s virtuesCommittee of Public Safety -created and lead by Robespierre -seek out enemies of the Republic -try and execute enemies of the Republic in an equal manner -3000 Parisians and 40,ooo executed by the guillotine alone; mostly 3rd Estate

Infamous executions :

Louis XVI-King of France

Marie Antoinette-Queen of France

George Danton-a leader of National ConventionSlide25

Stage Four-National Convention

Guillotine

Device created by Dr. Guillotin as a means to an enlightened execution without prejudice

How might the guillotine be an enlightened form of execution?Slide26

Execution of Louis XVI

Louis XVI-King of France

Executed Jan 21, 1793

Said to have cried like a baby as he climbed the scaffoldingSymbolic event signifying the emergence of a true radical republicSlide27

Execution of George Danton

George Danton

A leader of National Convention and close friend and confidant of Robespierre

Executed by guillotine in spring of 1794Considered not RADICAL enough!!Slide28

Execution of Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette- Queen of France

Executed on Oct. 16, 1793

Was never liked by the people of FranceWas executed as a traitor for conspiring against France with her brother the Emperor of AustriaSlide29

Murder of Jean Paul Marat

Jean Paul Marat

Writer and publisher of “The Friend of the People”

Murdered in his bath tub on July 13, 1793Murdered by woman that feared his ideas too radicalWanted an end to unnecessary violenceSlide30

Radicals Too Radical?

How does this cartoon depict the “arms” of the radicals?

By the people represented in the cartoon…what might be the cartoonist’s opinion of the “radicals”?Slide31

Stage Four-National Convention

Even the Radicals had enough

National Convention leaders secretly organize the arrest and execution of Robespierre

July 24, 1794-Thermodorian ReactionSlide32

After Robespierre’s execution, National Convention leaders rally to create a more “moderate” government structure.

Convention remains in place until the new structure is created and new members elected

This will become the 5

th and final stage… THE DIRECTORYEnd of National ConventionSlide33

1795- members of defunct National Convention create new “moderate” government

Still have many economic and social problems to tackle

Made up of MODERATES, mostly bourgeoisie

Corrupted; enriched themselves at the public’s expenseStructure:2 House Legislature5 Executive membersStage Five-The DirectorySlide34

Stage Five-The Directory

Somewhat successful

Created sense of order and stability throughout France

Responsible for the rise of France’s greatest military mastermind…NAPOLEON BONAPARTENapoleon will overthrow the Directory in November of 1799.