Dynamics of Robot Manipulators - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Dynamics of Robot Manipulators

Purpose:

This chapter introduces the dynamics of mechanisms.  A robot can be treated as a set of linked rigid bodies. Each link body experiences the motion dynamics contributed by its own joint motor plus the cumulative effect of the other links that form a dynamic chain. This means that we must recursively accumulate the net dynamics by moving from one link to the next. This approach is referred to as the Newton-Euler recursive equations. The equation types are distinguished as Newton for force equations and as Euler for moment equations. Slide2

In particular, you will

Review the fundamental force and moment equations for rigid bodies.

Determine that the moment of forces applied to a rigid body is the rate of change of angular momentum if taken about the body’s center of mass or about an inertial point.

Apply Newton-Euler recursive equations for the connected rigid links of a mechanism.

Understand that forward recursion is used to propagate motion through the links, while backward recursion is used to propagate forces and torques through the links.Slide3

Review of fundamental equations

Given a system of particles

translating through space,

each particle i being acted

upon by external force F

i

, and

each particle located relative to an inertial reference frame, the governing equations are Fc = m ac (6.10) M = (6.11) Mc = c (6.12)

What is an inertial frame?Slide4

Review of fundamental equations

where

m = total mass (sum over all mass particles)

a

c

= acceleration of center of mass (cm) of all mass particles

F

c = sum of external forces applied to system of particles as if applied at cm Hi = ri x mivi = angular momentum of particle i (also called moment of momentum) H, Hc = angular momentum summed over all particles, measured about inertial point, cm point, respectively M, Mc = moment of all external forces applied to system of particles, measured about inertial point, cm point, respectivelySlide5

Rigid bodies in general motion

(translating and rotating)

Z

X

Y

x

y

z

a

w

The time rate of change of any vector V capable of being viewed

in either XYZ or xyz is

[ ]

XYZ

=

[ ]

xyz

+

w

x

V

where

w

is the angular velocity of a secondary translating, rotating reference frame (xyz).Slide6

Rigid bodies in general motion

(translating and rotating)

Z

X

Y

x

y

z

a

w

Another common form of the

equation is:

=

r

+

w

x

V (6.13)

and when applied to rate of change

of angular momentum becomes

M

= =

r

+

w

x

H (6.16)

which is referred to as Euler’s equation.

Slide7

Rotating rigid body

By integrating the motion over the rigid body, we can express the

angular momentum relative

to the xyz axes as

H = H

x

i + H

y j + Hz k = (Jxx wx + Jxy wy + Jxz

wz

) i  + (Jyx wx

+ Jyy w

y + Jyz wz

) j

+ (J

zx

w

x

+ J

zy

w

y

+ J

zz

w

z

) k

(6.20)

or in matrix form

H

=

J

wwhere J = inertia matrixmomentsproductsSlide8

Rotating rigid body

Taking the derivative of (6.20) and substituting into (6.16), also assuming the body axes to be aligned with the

principal axes

, we get Euler’s moment equations:

M

x

= J

xx

x + (Jzz - Jyy) wy wz (6.29a) My

= Jyy y

+ (Jxx - Jzz) w

x w

z (6.29b) Mz = Jzz

z

+ (J

yy

- J

xx

)

w

x

w

y

(6.29c)

What are principal axes?Slide9

Acceleration relative to a non-inertial reference frame

y

x

z

X

Y

Z

w

a

P

r

R

rSlide10

Acceleration relative to a non-inertial reference frame

By taking two derivatives and applying (6.13) appropriately, the absolute acceleration of point P can be shown to be

a

=

+

a

x r + w x (w x r) + + 2 w x (6.31) where = acceleration of xyz origin a

x r = tangential acceleration

w x (w x r

) = centripetal acceleration = acceleration of P relative to xyz 2

w x = Coriolis acceleration Slide11

Acceleration relative to a non-inertial reference frame

For the special case of xyz fixed to rigid body and P a point in the body, and (6.31) reduces to

a = +

a

x

r

+ w x (w x r) (6.32) If P at cm, then ac = +

a x rc

+ w x (w

x rc

) (6.33)Slide12

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

(forward recursion for motion)

Use Craig/Red D-H formSlide13

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

If v

i

=

i

and

w

i

is defined to be the angular velocity of the ith joint frame xi yi zi with respect to base coordinates, then where describes the velocity of xi+1, yi+1, zi+1 relative to an observer in frame xi, yi, zi. Slide14

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

Likewise, the acceleration becomes

Defining

w

i+1

to be the absolute angular velocity of the i+1

frame and

to be the angular velocity of the i+1 frame relative to the ith frame: Slide15

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

Taking one more derivative for angular acceleration:Slide16

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

Now applying the DH coordinate representation for manipulators: Slide17

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

Using the previous equations, we can generate the angular motion recursive equations:Slide18

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

The linear velocity and acceleration equations use the D-H forms:

where

i+1

is the translational velocity of x

i+1

, y

i+1

, zi+1 relative to xi , yi , zi Slide19

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

Substituting (6.59) – (6.62), we get the velocity and acceleration recursion equations:

Note that

w

i+1

=

w

i

for translational link i+1.Slide20

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

(backward recursion for forces and torques)

X

o

Y

o

Z

o

Joint i+1

Link i

N

i

p

i

F

i

r

i

,

w

i

*

z

w

i

z

i+1

i

w

i

.

c

iSlide21

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

(backward recursion for forces and torques)

Link i

n

i

f

i

f

i+1

n

i+1

Joint Forces/TorquesSlide22

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

Define the terms:

m

i

= mass of link i

r

i

= position of link i cm with respect to base coordinates

Fi = total force exerted on link i Ni = total moment " " " " * Ji = inertia matrix of link i about its cm determined in the Xo Yo Zo axes

fi = force exerted on link i by link i-1

  ni = moment " " " “Slide23

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

For each link we must apply the N-E equations:

The gravitational acceleration and damping torques will be added to the equations of motion later. Slide24

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

Now

i

is easily calculated by knowing the acceleration of the origin of the i

th

frame attached to link i at joint i. We locate link i cm with respect to x

i

y

i zi by ci such that ri = ci + pi. The velocity of the cm of link i is obviously Slide25

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

To determine F

i

and N

i

define

f

i = force exerted on link i by link i-1  ni = moment " " " “Then Fi = fi – fi+1 (6.71)and Ni = ni

– ni+1 + (pi

- ri ) x fi - (pi+1 - r

i ) x fi+1

(6.72) = ni – ni+1 - c

i

x F

i

– s

i+1

x f

i+1

Slide26

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

The previous equations can be placed in the backwards recursion form to work from the forces/moments exerted on the hand backwards to the joint torques necessary to react to these hand interactions and move the manipulator:

f

i

= f

i+1

+ F

i (6.74)  ni = ni+1 + ci x Fi + si+1 x fi+1 + Ni

(6.75) Slide27

Recursive Newton-Euler Equations

The motor torque

t

i

required at joint i is the sum of the joint torque n

i

resolved along the revolute axis plus the damping torque,

ti = ni ˙ zi + bi i (revolute) (6.76a) where bi is the damping coefficient.

For a translational joint 

ti = li fi

˙zi

+ bi i (translational) (6.77a)

where

l

i

is the torque arm for motor i. Slide28

And what about gravity?

The effect of gravity on each link is accounted for by applying a base acceleration equal to gravity to the base frame of the robot:

o

= g z

o

with z

o

vertical.

o is applied to the base link in equations (6.65) and (6.66) for i = 0 and this serves to transmit the acceleration of gravity to each link by recursion. Slide29

There are two basic problems with the derivation so far. What are they?

Problem 1

- J

i

in (6.68) when resolved into base coordinates is a function of manipulator configuration. To avoid this unnecessary complexity, we apply the equations at the cm of each link where J

i

is constant.

Problem 2

– The recursive relations have not resolved the various vectors from one joint frame to the next. We must adjust the equations accordingly. Slide30

Do we use the full homogeneous transformation in the recursive equations?

We resolve the free vectors by applying the rotational sub-matrix of the D-H transformations for each joint frame to the recursive vectors, using the Craig/Red D-H representation. Let us also use Tsai’s notation.

joint frame i+1 relative to joint frame i:

joint frame i relative to joint frame i+1:Slide31

Revised angular motion equations

Do you notice anything about the form of the D-H rotational sub-matrix?Slide32

Revised linear motion equationsSlide33

Revised force and torque equationsSlide34

Dynamics summary

The N-E equations are applied recursively to generate the forces and torques at each joint motor. We first apply forward recursion to get the motion state for each link. We then use this motion state to propagate the forces and torques in backward recursion to each joint. The rotational sub-matrix of the D-H transformations must be applied to resolve the vectors correctly into each link’s joint frame

.