Avimanyu Datta College of Business Washington State University 9 2 Introduction Benjamin Franklin formed the Junto Goals were community fellowship and service Character was a concern ID: 514180
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Leadership and Personal Values
Avimanyu Datta,
College of Business,
Washington State UniversitySlide2
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Introduction
Benjamin Franklin formed the
JuntoGoals were community fellowship and service Character was a concern His values were:
TemperanceOrderResolutenessIndustrySincerity
Justice
Moderation
Cleanliness
HumilitySlide3
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Introduction
Some organizations view values as a requirement for success
Johnson & Johnson CEO James Burke took Tylenol off the market after seven people died during poisoning eventsResults of a study of the financial performance of companies with written value statements:Net income increased by a factor of 23 during a period when the GNP grow by a factor of 2.5 Slide4
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Values
Values are a social glue
They provide structure and stability for people with diverse backgroundsJack Welch, former CEO of General Electric, sees management values as a source of corporate identity
Values provide guidance for members who are independent decision makers Slide5
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Values
Values:
Can mask hypocrisy Must enter into daily practices of the organization Must reflect enduring commitments Leaders must:Examine their own value systems
Put good intentions into actionsthat others can witness Slide6
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Values
Things that reduce the character and strength of the organization:
Unclear valuesFailure to enforce the values Lack of agreement on core values Author Leon Wieseltier
wrote:The problem with society is that people believe in too much Much is too easily acquired and too thoughtlessly held Slide7
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When to Clarify or Reinforce Values
Red flags:
Members lack understanding about how they should behave as they attempt to meet goalsDifferent individuals and groups have different value
systemsTop leaders send mixed messages about what is importantDay-to-day life is disorganizedMembers complain about the organizationThe organization has values, but does not practice themSlide8
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Values
Management author Peter Drucker states:Each organization has a value system influenced by its taskHealth is the goal in every hospital in the world
For an organization to perform at its highest level: Leaders must believe that what the organization does has value to people and society Slide9
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Values
In A Business and Its Beliefs: The Ideas That Helped Build IBM, Thomas Watson, Jr. explains the importance of values:To survive and achieve success, an organization must have a sound set of valuesLeaders must adhere to those values To meet challenges, organizations must be able to change everything about itself
Be open to change, but always remain true to core values Slide10
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Values
Watson also said that IBM was successful because of three core values:Respecting the individual Giving the best customer service Performing every job with excellence Slide11
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Values and the Importance of Courage
Values in the
a workplace: HonestyRespectService
Excellence Integrity Slide12
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Values and the Importance of Courage
When people define character:
What they say is importantWhat they do is more importantWhat they sacrifice for is most importantIn its highest form, character is based on a value system that is
known, cherished, stated, lived, and lived habituallyThe highest form of living by one’s values is caring to the point of personal sacrifice Slide13
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Values and the Importance of Courage
Character and leading by values require courage:Philosopher-psychologist Rollo May explains the importance of courage:Courage is the foundation that underlies and gives reality to all other virtues and valuesWithout courage, love pales into dependency and fidelity becomes conformism“Courage” comes from the French word coeur meaning “heart”
It makes possible all the psychological virtuesSlide14
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Values and the Importance of Courage
Leadership situations are characterized by:AmbiguityUncertaintyDanger Leaders must act in spite
of these factors Leadership requires courage to act and live by one’s convictionsSlide15
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Power
Italian diplomat and political writer
Niccolo Machiavelli believed:The best individuals adapt to market forces and become masters of manipulative relations Flattery, deceit, and murder may be necessary to win and retain power
People should never cultivate private virtues that in public life would prove political suicidePeople should develop vices if helpful to one’s rule Ends justify means and might makes rightSlide16
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Personal Integrity
German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche believed:
Human resoluteness, born of independent judgment, was the highest good
Individuals should be independent in thought and strong in convictionNature is filled with conflict spilling over into society The best humans exhibit moral virtue (wisdom, justice, courage, and other ideals), regardless of loss or gainSlide17
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Personal Integrity
German philosopher Marvin Heidegger believed:In the Greek ideal of nobility That adhering to personal principles
in the face of social pressure to conform is importantThat personal integrity is good, regardless of the resultsThat people must choose their lifestyle and commitments carefullySlide18
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Duty and Right Action
Immanuel Kant, author of Criticism of Practical Reason and Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, believed:People must choose the obligations that become their
dutyPeople must be responsible for their own actions A person with character will choose duty to conscience and will not succumb to base desiresActs from a good motive and sense of duty are good, regardless of the consequencesThis view greatly influenced Western civilization Slide19
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Duty and Right Action
Personal conscience and duty are seen in the words of Israeli stateswoman Golda Meir:“If I felt it was the right thing to do, I was for it, regardless of the possible outcome”When faced with an ethical question, a person with character tries to sort right from wrongTraditional definitions of
good have guided Western culture “People must stand for something, otherwise they will fall for anything”Slide20
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Full-Swing Values
Full-swing values:Used to assess the strength of one’s valuesImportant for people in leadership positions A full-swing is needed to hit a “home run”True for questions of right and wrong, good and badAxiology is a branch of philosophy dealing with valuesSlide21
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Full-Swing Values
Five Points:Point 1: know one’s values Point 2: cherish one’s values Point 3: declare one’s values Point 4: act on one’s values Point 5: act habitually on one’s values Slide22
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Your Personal Value Orientation
Cases of Jim, Jane, Jack, Jill, and John Jim-knows values, has not examined others Jane-knows and cherishes values Jack-knows, cherishes, and declares values Jill-knows, cherishes, declares and acts on her values John-knows, cherishes, declares, acts and does it habituallySlide23
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Your Personal Value Orientation
Full-Swing Values Slide24
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Full-Swing Values
In every field, the highest level of leadership is full-swing Leaders are impelled to act because the act is deemed goodConscience dictates that the act is the right thing to doThe quality of doing the right thing for the right reason is called
integrityIt is possessed by all truly great leaders Slide25
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Leadership and Values
Why is it important for an organization to have values?What is the role of the leader in establishing and enforcing these values?There are many ideas on these questionsFew are as influential as
those of the philosopher Plato Slide26
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Leadership and Values
In Plato’s story The Republic, he retells the “Myth of Gyges” and the invisible ringA shepherd finds a magic ring that makes one invisibleHe uses the ring to eavesdrop, steal, and trespassIn a short time, he amasses wealth, kills the king, seduces the queen, and rules the landSlide27
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Leadership and Values
Moral of the story:Given power without accountability, an individual may do deeds that are harmful People need the values of a just society and the oversight of wise and caring leaders A republic is needed for the good of all individuals
A leader with false or harmful values can be injurious to othersHitler Stalin, and many other tyrants in history are examplesHence, leaders need to be caring, good, and strongSlide28
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Leadership and Values
Culture shapes a leader’s values, which influences actionsAfrican Society:Ubuntu represents a collection of values, including harmony, compassion, respect, human dignity, and collective unityEach of us is human through the humanity of other humans
A Zulu maxim: …a person is a person through other persons: my humanity is caught and bound inextricably in yours Slide29
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How Leader Behavior Influences
Leaders who are immoral and non-principled:Are difficult to forgive Lack moral authorityAre not trusted or respectedThe leader’s values determine the rightness and wrongness of what they do
The leader’s actions set the tone for other’s behavior and performance on the jobLeaders who are honest, unselfish, and dedicated help the group succeedSlide30
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How Leader Behavior Influences
Warren Buffett’s order to senior managers when the took over the failed firm of Salomon:Instantaneously and directly report any legal violations or moral failures by employeesBuffet understood that basic values are crucial for building trust
Honesty and responsibility are crucial for building trust, which is the bedrock of organizational survival and growth Almost all business schools now require ethics coursesSlide31
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How Leader Behavior Influences
In general, a leader’s belief or value system will determine his/her successSix values of caring leaders:HonestyConsiderationResponsibilityPersistence
ExcellenceCommitmentSlide32
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How Leader Behavior Influences
Overall value of the caring leader is to serveThe caring leader focuses on the welfare of:CustomersEmployees
ShareholdersCommunity Values affect everything a person does or is What values do I wish to promote?Are my actions helping accomplish that goal?Slide33
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Personal Values
Aspects of society require leaders to commit to certain ideals and goals This is addressed in “The Study of Values
” by Gordon Allport, Phillip Vernon, and Gardner Lindzey Slide34
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Evaluating Personal Values
All values on the questionnaire are positiveCulture influences personal values The questionnaire provides an overall value orientationA person’s life allows maximum expression of personal values Value systems are firm by the time most people reach adulthoodDifferent organizations reflect and endorse different value; leaders must promote the value systemSlide35
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Personal Value Questionnaire
Points to Remember:Does not measure other important factors, such as aptitude, personal interests, temperament, or morality
Different values can enrich a group or organization