Their goal was to control every aspect of society They believed in divine right the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as Gods representative on Earth Absolutism in Spain ID: 635509
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Slide1
Theory of Absolutism
Rulers wanted to be absolute monarchs, kings or queens who held all the power within their boundaries
Their goal was to control every aspect of society
They believed in divine right, the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on EarthSlide2
Absolutism in Spain
Chapter 21 Section 1Slide3
Philip II
The
son of Charles V inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American Colonies from his father
Very
hard working and deeply religious (Catholic)
He was deeply suspicious and trusted no one“His smile and his dagger were very close.” –Court HistorianSlide4
Philip Controls Portugal
More than anything, Phillip was very
aggressive
In 1580, Philip seized Portugal’s throne after the King, his uncle, died without an heir
With Portugal came its strongholds in Africa, India, and the East IndiesSlide5
Philip’s Empire Provides Wealth
By
1600,
American mines
had provided him with an estimated 339,000 pounds of
goldFrom 1550 to 1650 nearly 16,000 tons of silver were unloaded from Spanish shipsThe King claimed between a fourth and a fifth of every shipload as his royal share
Spain
was able to support
an army of over 50,000 menSlide6
Religious War in Europe
Philip
believed it was his duty to
defend Catholicism
against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire and the Protestants of Europe
In 1571, Philip sent a fleet of 200 Spanish and Venetian ships into battleThey defeated a large
Ottoman Army near
Lepanto (Greece)Slide7
Religious War in Europe
In 1588, Philip launched the Spanish Armada in attempt to punish Protestant England and its queen, Queen Elizabeth I
However, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English MonarchSlide8
English Defeat Spanish ArmadaSlide9
Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature
Spain’s great wealth during this time
helped spark
the Golden Age of Spanish Art and
Literature…Slide10
El Greco “The Greek”
Real
name was
Domenikos
TheotokopoulosHe chose brilliant sometimes clashing colors in his paintingsHe also distorted the human figure and expressed emotion symbolicallySlide11
El Greco’s Holy Trinity
His pieces showed the deep Catholic faith of Spain (painted saints and martyrs)Slide12
Diego Velazquez
P
aintings
reflected the pride of Spanish monarchy
He
was the court painter for Philip IV of SpainHe is best known for his portraits of the royal family and scenes of court lifeSlide13
Diego Velazquez’s Las
Meninas
Depicts King Philip IV’s daughter and her attendantsSlide14
Miguel de Cervantes
Published
Don Quixote
in 1605
This
publication is often called the birth of the modern European novelThis novel is about a poor Spanish noble boy, Don Quixote, who reads too many books about heroic knightsSlide15
Excerpt from Don Quixote
“He rushed with [his horse’s] utmost speed upon the first windmill he could come at, and, running, his lance into the sail, the wind whirled about with such swiftness, that the rapidity of the motion presently broke the lance into shivers, and hurled away both knight and horse along with it, till down he fell, rolling a good way of in the field.”Slide16
Don Quixote
Some antics believe he was mocking chivalry, the knightly code of the middle ages
Some antics believe this novel is about an idealistic person, frustrated with the materialistic world he is living in, longing for the romantic pastSlide17
Empire Weakens
W
ealth in Spain also
contributed to the cause of some long-term economic problems
Inflation- decline in the value of money, accompanied by the rise in the prices of goods and services
Inflation in Spain had two main causes:
Spain’s population had been growing. More demand = Higher Prices
As silver flooded the market, its value dropped. More silver needed to buy thingsSlide18
Other Causes of Weakening Empire:
Spain
expelled Jews and Moors (Muslims) around 1500; therefore, Spain lost many valuable artisans and businessmen
Spain’s
nobles did not have to pay taxes; therefore, tax burden fell upon the lower classes
Spain’s population bought its needs from other countries due to higher prices in Spain set up by guilds
To
finance its wars, Spain borrowed from German and Italian bankers so much of the silver and gold were sent overseas to pay off debtsSlide19
Dutch Break Away from Spanish Control
In 1579, the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands, which were Protestant, united and declared independence from Spain (The United Provinces of the Netherlands)
The ten southern provinces (present day Belgium) were Catholic and remained under Spanish controlSlide20
1658 Map of Republic of Seven United NetherlandsSlide21
The Dutch Prosper
The United Provinces were not a kingdom but a republic (each province had an elected governor)
During the 1600’s the Netherlands thrived like Italy had during the 1400’s (Renaissance)
Rembrandt and Jan VermeerSlide22
The Dutch Prosper
The stability in Dutch government allowed them to focus on economic growth
The Dutch East India Company
dominated
the Asian and Indian Ocean tradeSlide23
Absolutism in France
Chapter 21 Section 2Slide24
Religious Tension in France
Between 1562 and 1598 Huguenots (Protestants) and Catholics fought eight religious wars in France...Slide25
Henry IV
In 1589, Prince Henry IV became the first king of the
Bourbon Dynasty
in France
He was a Protestant but
converted to CatholicismHe declared, “Paris is well worth a mass.”Slide26
Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes-
In 1598 he declared that the Huguenots (Protestants) could live in peace in France and worship as they wished
Henry was devoted to rebuilding France and its prosperitySlide27
Louis XIII
Louis XIII, Henry’s son, ruled after his death
He was a weak King but in 1624 he appointed a strong minister, Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu was in effect the ruler of FranceSlide28
Cardinal Richelieu
He moved against the Huguenots
-allowed Protestantism
-did not allow walls to be built in their cities
2. He weakened the power of the noblesSlide29
Cardinal Richelieu
He wanted to make France the most powerful state in Europe
He believed the greatest obstacle was the Hapsburg rulers whose lands surrounded France (Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire)Slide30
Hapsburg Lands
The Hapsburgs lands were in areas that surrounded France…Slide31
Cardinal Mazarin
Louis XIV came to power in 1643 as a young boy
Cardinal Mazarin controlled France until his death in 1661 when Louis was 22
Mazarin had increased taxes and strengthened the government like Richelieu had doneSlide32
Louis XIV
At times, the nobles threatened the young kings life
Louis never forgot this fear for his life and was determined to become so strong that they could not threaten him againSlide33
Louis XIV
Continued to weaken power of the nobles
Thus increased power of central government
He appointed
intendants
who collected taxes and administered justiceHe made sure these people communicated regularly with himSlide34
Louis XIV
Louis XIV was known as the Sun King and made his power and prestige known throughout France.
How did he display his power and prestige?
(“The Sun Kings Grand Style” Page 599)Slide35
Palace at VersaillesSlide36Slide37Slide38Slide39
Jean Baptiste
Colbert
Louis wanted to help France attain economic, political, and cultural brilliance
He appointed Jean
Baptiste
Colbert as his minister of financeSlide40
We must always take heed that we buy no more from strangers than we sell them, for so should we impoverish ourselves and enrich them.“
-Queen Elizabeth (England)Slide41
France: Self Sufficient
Colbert believed in the theory of mercantilism
Making France self-sufficient and keeping wealth in the country
Government funds and tax benefits were given to French companies
High tariffs were placed on goods from other countriesSlide42
French Colonization
Colbert also recognized the importance of colonies
Provided raw materials and a market for manufactured goods
The French government encouraged people to migrate to France’s colony in CanadaSlide43
Huguenot’s Lose Religious Freedoms
After Colbert’s death in 1685, Louis canceled the Edict of Nantes which protected religious freedom of Huguenots
In response, Huguenot artisans and businessmen fled the country robbing France of many skilled workersSlide44
In 1660, France had about 20 million people (Four times England and Ten times Dutch Republic)
The French Monarch wanted to continue to expand throughout Europe…Slide45
France Invades Spanish Netherlands
In 1667, Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands
The Dutch opened up its dikes
The war ended in 1678 with the Treaty of Nijmegen
France gained several towns and a region called Franche-ComteSlide46
European-Wide Alliance vs. France
Louis decided to fight additional wars to gain lands
By the 1680’s a European-wide alliance had formed to stop France
By banding together, these weaker, smaller countries could match France’s strengthSlide47
French Bourbons Control Spain
In 1700, Charles II, King of Spain, died
He had promised his throne to Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou
The two greatest powers in Europe, who were enemies for so long, were now both ruled by the French BourbonsSlide48
War of Spanish Succession
Countries throughout Europe were not happy with this union (France and Spain) and in 1701 came together
This struggle became known as the War of the Spanish SuccessionSlide49
Treaty of Utrecht
1714-The Treaty of Utrecht was signed
Allowed
Philip
to remain King of Spain as long as the two thrones were not unitedSlide50
Treaty of Utrecht
Received the Strait of Gibraltar
British company was granted permission by Spain to send slaves to Spain’s American colonies
France gave Britain the colonies of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland as well as abandoned claims to the Hudson Bay regionSlide51
Louis left a mix legacy in France after his death in 1715
Positives
France had become a force to be reckoned with: a strong military, the leader in arts, literature, and business
France had also developed a strong empire of colonies
Negatives
Constant war and the construction of the Palace at Versailles plunged France into a great deal of debt
Resentment over taxes would also plague his heirsSlide52
Absolutism
30 Years War, Austria, and Prussia
Chapter 21 Section 3Slide53
Peace of Augsburg
For a short period of time Germany had appeared to have settled its religious differences with the Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Each Prince could determine the religion of his subjects
Rejected Calvinism Slide54
Protestants and Catholics
Both sides continue to gain followers
Both sides also felt threatened by Calvinism
In 1608, the Lutherans joined together creating the Protestant Union
In 1609, the Catholics joined together creating the Catholic League
It would now take only a spark to set off war…Slide55
Leading up to War
The spark came in 1618
Ferdinand II (Hapsburg) who was the future Holy Roman Emperor, for the time ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia
The Protestants in Bohemia did not trust Ferdinand who was a Catholic and a foreignerSlide56
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
Ferdinand closed some Protestant churches
The peasants revolted in Bohemia
Several Protestant German Princes joined the effort to challenge the Catholic emperor
War broke outSlide57
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
The War can be divided into 2 Phases:
Hapsburg Victories
Hapsburg DefeatsSlide58
Hapsburg Victories (First 12 Years)
Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed troops hired by Protestant Princes
Ferdinand II paid his army by allowing them to plunder or rob the German villagesSlide59
Hapsburg Defeats (Last 18 Years)
The Protestants, led by
Gustavus
Adolphus
of Sweden shifted the tide of war in 1630Though he was killed in 1632, Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France continued the Protestant dominance
Battle of
Breitenfeld
1631Slide60
Richelieu and Mazarin
Though Catholic themselves, these Cardinals feared the Hapsburgs more than the Protestants
They did not want other European rulers to have as much power as the French KingSlide61
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Weakened the Hapsburgs
Strengthened France by awarding it German territory
Made German Princes independent of the Holy roman emperor
Ended religious war in EuropeSlide62
Legacy of Thirty Years War
**The war did great damage to Germany, its population, and its economy
***Marked the beginning of the modern state system in Europe…each independentSlide63
Western Europe vs. Central Europe
Western Europe is going to develop economically and politically much quicker that central and eastern Europe.
-This was due to legacy of feudalism
-Serfs were able to move to towns and be apart of the middle class in the West
-Not the case in Central Europe. Serfs were limited by land owning noblesSlide64
Hapsburgs in Austria
This ruling family took power, created an absolute monarchy in Austria
Re-conquered Bohemia in 30 Years War
Wiped out Protestantism there and created new Czech nobility
Centralized government and created an army
Recaptured Hungary by 1699 from the OttomansSlide65
Charles VI
Became the Hapsburg ruler in in 1711
Ruling this empire was difficult as it was very diverse
Only the fact that he wore the Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian crowns kept the empire togetherSlide66
Keeping Lands…
Tried to figure out a way to insure that the Hapsburgs would continue to rule all of these lands…
Solution: He persuaded other European leaders to sign an agreement recognizing his daughter, Maria Theresa as his heir to these landsSlide67
Maria Theresa
In theory this meant she would reign peacefully
However, she would face years of war
Her main enemy was Prussia to the northSlide68
Prussia
Its ruling family were the Hohenzollerns
In 1640, Fredrick William inherited the title elector of Brandenburg
Became known as the “Great Elector”Slide69
Fredrick William
Believed it necessary for Prussia to built up an army
To protect their lands, he and his decedents moved toward an absolute monarchy
Every descendent after Fredrick William would be titled “King” or “Queen”
Built a strong army and introduced taxationSlide70
King Fredrick William I
The Junkers, land owning nobility, did not approve of the King’s growing power
King Fredrick William I bought their cooperation
Appointed them as officers in the army
Prussia became a highly militaristic societySlide71
Fredrick the Great
He followed his father’s militaristic policies when it came to power
He did soften some of his father’s laws
He encouraged religious toleration and legal reform
He believed a ruler should be like a father to his peopleSlide72
“A prince…is only the first servant of the state, who is obliged to act with probity [honesty] and prudence…As the sovereign is properly the head of the family of citizens, the father of his people, he out on all occasions to be the last refuge of the unfortunate.”Slide73
Page 607
Explain the Austrian Succession. Who was it between? What were the results?
Explain the Seven Years’ War. Who was it between? What were the results?Slide74
Seven Years War (1756-1763)
Both Prussia and Austria emerged as absolute monarchs after the 30 Years War
Austria would eventually ally with France and Russia while Prussia would ally with Britain
This would spark the Seven Years War
The war did not change anything in Europe but is significant because it gave over France’s land in North America and India to Great Britain