Grammar 3 Lecture 2 L Margo Arnold presenter By Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence It is used as a subject an object of a verb an object of a preposition and a complement ID: 531493
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Slide1
Noun Clauses
Grammar 3Lecture 2L. Margo Arnold, presenter, By: Eman AlkatheerySlide2
Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence. It is used as a subject, an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, and a complement (table 7.1. – p. 296).Never separate a noun clause from the main clause with commas or other punctuation marks since noun clauses are part of main clauses.Eman AlkatheerySlide3
Noun Clauses
Noun clauses come at the beginning of a sentence or after certain nouns, adjectives, and verbs such as:Note
Illustrate
Explain
Conclude
Add
Exclaim
Believe
AskThinkShowWishSayMentionHopeFindEstimateIndicateRemarkTell
Eman AlkatheerySlide4
Types of Noun Clauses
1. That clauses.It begins with (that).Example: She thought that the exam was cancelled.2. Subjunctive clauses.It begins with (that). However, the verb of the noun clause is in the subjunctive mode.
Example
: It is urgent
that Ali submit the report today.
Eman AlkatheerySlide5
Types of Noun Clauses
3. If/Whether clauses.It begins with (if or whether).Example: The teacher wants to know if the students understood the formula.4. WH-Question clauses.It begins with a question word e.g. where, what, who, when, or
how
.
Example:
I don’t know
who she is.
Eman AlkatheerySlide6
Noun Clauses
Examples:SubjectThat Ahmad can fly is unbelievable.The story is unbelievable.Object of a verb
People once believed
that the world was flat.
They believed
the story.
Eman AlkatheerySlide7
Noun Clauses
Examples:Object of a prepositionI listened to what he said.I listened to the story.
Complement
A major concern is
how fast these
changes are
happening.
A major concern is the fast changes.Practice 1, p. 297Eman AlkatheerySlide8
Noun Clauses
PART ONE:CLAUSES WITH THAT;REPORTED SPEECH(PP. 295 – 303)
Eman AlkatheerySlide9
Clauses with that
A that clause can appear in different places:After the independent clause verb:The student hopes
that his excuse will be accepted.
After some adjectives:
Example
: glad, sad, happy, worried, sorry, …
etc
The class was
happy that the teacher cancelled the exam.Eman AlkatheerySlide10
Clauses with that
3. After some nouns:Example: idea, theory, opinion, claim, fact, etc.People didn’t believe the theory
that the Earth revolves around the sun
.
4. At the beginning of a sentence:
That Huda came late
was predictable.
Eman AlkatheerySlide11
Clauses with that
Examples:I think that she is a good writer.
That Ahmad cheated in the exam
was surprising.
That
Nawal
needs a job
is obvious.
It is obvious that Nawal needs a job.Eman AlkatheerySlide12
Clauses with that
Examples:That Sarah has no friends is a pity.
The teacher mentioned
that China has a strong economy
.
I am glad
that my sister passed the math exam
.
It did not surprise me that Huda was late.Eman AlkatheerySlide13
Clauses with that
Examples:I believe that motherhood is a big responsibility.
That the sun rises from the east
is a fact.
The fact
that the Earth revolves around the sun
was proven.
Eman AlkatheerySlide14
Quotations vs. Reported Speech
Quotations are the exact words that a person has used to state something. They appear between quotation marks. In addition, quotations are preceded or followed by a comma.(Table 7.2., p. 299). We begin quotations with verbs such as say, tell, ask, wonder, remarked, stated, etc. Example:Susan said, “Chris is at work.”
“Chris is at
work,” Susan said.
Eman AlkatheerySlide15
Quotations vs. Reported Speech
Quoting more than one sentence:“My brother is a student. He studies at KSU,” she said. “My brother is a student,” she said. “He studies at KSU.”Quoting a question or an exclamation:She asked, ”When will you be here?””When will you be here
?”
she asked.
She said, “Watch out!”
Eman AlkatheerySlide16
Quotations vs. Reported Speech
Reported speech involves paraphrasing. You tell the same ideas but with different words. There is no need for commas or quotation marks. Also, some changes are required in reported speech. (Table 7.2., p. 299).Example:Susan said that Chris was at work.*
Susan said Chris was at work.
* That is optional in the middle of this sentence
Eman AlkatheerySlide17
Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech
If the verb in the main (independent) clause is in the past, the verb in the noun clause (dependent clause) is changed to one of the past tenses (Table 7.3., p. 299)Quoted speech reported speech
“ I watch TV everyday.” She
said
she watched TV everyday.
Eman AlkatheerySlide18
Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech
Reported Speech
Quoted Speech
Sarah said she
was watching
TV.
“I
am watching TV “.She mentioned that Chris was at work.“Chris is at work”.She added she hadn’t finished yet.“I haven’t finished yet”.Eman AlkatheerySlide19
Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech
Reported Speech
Quoted Speech
He
said he
had watched
TV.
“ I
have watched TV.”She told me that she had gone home.“ I went home”.Ali remarked that he was going to exercise.“I am going to exercise”.Eman AlkatheerySlide20
Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech
Exceptions:In reporting technical or scientific facts, the present is generally used.“The world is round” The teacher said
the world
is
round.
Eman AlkatheerySlide21
Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech
Exceptions:If the verb in the main clause is in the present or the future, the noun clause is not changed.“ I watch TV every day”.She says she watches TV every day.She
has
said
that she watches TV every day.
She
will
say that she watches TV every day.Eman AlkatheerySlide22
Changes in Modal Auxiliaries with Reported Speech
In reported speech, some modal auxiliaries are changed to the past. (Table 7.4 , p. 300)
She said that Ann
could
help Chris.
“Ann
can help Chris.”She added John might help.“John may help.”She said that James would help Chris.“James will help Chris.”Eman AlkatheerySlide23
Changes in Modal Auxiliaries with Reported Speech
She said that Ann had to help Chris.
“ Ann
must
help Chris.”
Joe said that Susan
must be tired.“Susan must be tired.”Must:When must expresses necessity, you change it to the past. However, when it expresses probability, it does not change.Eman AlkatheerySlide24
Changes in Modal Auxiliaries with Reported Speech
If the modal auxiliary is already in the past, no changes are required. Practice 2, p. 300
He
said Alex
could
help.
‘Alex
could help.”He said Alex would help.‘Alex would help.”He said Alex should help.‘Alex should help.”He said Alex ought to help.‘Alex ought to help.”He said Alex could have helped.“Alex could have helped.”Eman AlkatheerySlide25
Changes in pronouns, adjectives, and adverbials with Reported Speech
You also have to change pronouns and demonstratives in reported speech. (Table 7.5 , p. 301).“ I need your help.”
She
said
she
needed
my help.“They need my help.”She said that they needed her help.“These pages need to be corrected.”She said that those pages needed to be corrected.Eman AlkatheerySlide26
Changes in pronouns, adjectives, and adverbials with Reported Speech
“I am a computer programmer in San Francisco. I grew up in India. I helped design several web sites. My hobbies are reading and swimming.”
Molly said
that
she was
a computer designer in
San
Francisco, but
she had grown up in India. She had helped design several web sites. She added that her hobbies were reading and swimming.Eman AlkatheerySlide27
Changes in pronouns, adjectives, and adverbials with Reported Speech
Time and place expressions may also change.(Table 7.5 , p. 301)“We need the work now.”
She said that
they
needed
the work
then.
“We will need the other pages tomorrow.”She added that they would need the other pages the following day.Eman AlkatheerySlide28
Changes in pronouns, adjectives, and adverbials with Reported Speech
Directional and time-related verbs may also change according to when and where the reported speech occurs. (Table 7.5 , p. 301)“You should bring them here when you come
to work
.”
He said that I should
take
them
there
when I went to work.Eman AlkatheerySlide29
Changing Commands to Reported Speech
To change a direct command to a reported statement, an appropriate subject and modal must be added e.g. should.(Table 7.6, p. 301).
My
manager told me that I should f
inish my
report by 10.
“Finish your
report by 10.”
My manager said that I should be sure to proofread it.“Be sure to proofread it.”The teacher added that I should make ten copies.“Make ten copies.”Eman AlkatheerySlide30
Changing Commands to Reported Speech
Other modals can be used in reported commands depending on the strength of the command e,g. must, have to, need to, …etc.
Practice 3
–
p. 302
My mother said that I should stop it.
“Stop it!”
My mother said that I had to clean my room.“Clean your room.”Dad told me that I had to limit my time on the internet.“Limit your time on the internet.”Eman AlkatheerySlide31
Noun Clauses
PART TWO:
CLAUSES WITH
EMBEDDED QUESTIONS
(PP.
304 – 310)
Eman AlkatheerySlide32
Clauses with Embedded Questions
Information questions can be used as noun clauses. Questions words such as what, when, why, … are used to begin such clauses. The subject precedes the verb like in statements. Auxiliary verbs added to form the questions are not used in forming noun clauses. (Table 7.7 , p.
305) Slide33
Clauses with Embedded Questions
I don’t know where she lives.
Where does she live?
I couldn’t hear
what he said.
What did he say?
She wants to know
how much I’ll make.
How much will you make?She wondered how old Salma is.How old is Salma?Eman AlkatheerySlide34
Clauses with Embedded Questions
Do you know what time it is?
What time is it?
I
don’t know
what time it is
.
What time is it?
Do you remember where the lecture is?Where is the lecture?I am not sure where the lecture is.Where is the lecture?Eman AlkatheerySlide35
Clauses with Embedded Questions
Practice 1, p. 306
What she said
surprised me.
What
did she say?
Do
you know
when they arrive?When do they arrive?Do you know whose pen this is?Whose pen is this?Can you tell me which one you want?Which one do you want?Eman AlkatheerySlide36
Clauses with Embedded Questions
Exercise:Combine the two clauses into one sentence using a noun clause:Where is the bank? Could you tell meWhat time does the next bus come? Can you tell meWhere did Sara go last night? Do you knowWhere is the nearest super market? Do you know
How do you make a noun clause? Could you explain
Eman AlkatheerySlide37
Clauses with Embedded Questions
Answers:Could you tell me where the bank is? Can you tell me what time the next bus comes? Do
you
know where Sara went last
night?
Do
you
know where the
nearest super market is? Could you explain how you make a noun clause? Eman AlkatheerySlide38
Clauses with Embedded Questions
P. 305 table 7.7Why did you leave your last job?She asked me why I had left my last job.
The tense is changed because it is a reported question and the verb of the main clause is in the past.
Eman AlkatheerySlide39
Clauses with if / whether
Yes/no questions can be used as noun clauses. If / whether are
used to begin such clauses. The subject
must come before the verb.
Auxiliary verbs
added
to form the
questions
are not used in forming noun clauses.Eman AlkatheerySlide40
Clauses with if / whether
If is used in both conversational and formal English. It implies that there is a yes/no answer.Whether
is used in formal English. It implies choice among alternatives.
(Table 7.8 , p. 306)
Eman AlkatheerySlide41
Clauses with if / whether
I want to know if they have any job openings.
Do they have any job openings?
Do you know
if the manager is here now?
Is the manager here now?
I don’t know
if she will come.
Will she come?I asked if Hassan needed help.*Does Hassan need help?*It is a reported question. The tense is changed to the pastEman AlkatheerySlide42
Clauses with if / whether
Practice 2, p. 307
I want to know
whether Nada should talk to the manager (or
not)
.
Should Nada talk to the manager?
I would like to know
whether she needs an appointment (or not).Does she need an appointment?Do you know whether she will come (or not) ?Will she come?I wonder whether (or not) he needs help.Does he need help?Eman AlkatheerySlide43
Noun Clauses
PART THREE:
STATEMENTS AND REQUESTS OF URGENCY
(PP.
311– 316)
Eman AlkatheerySlide44
Statement of urgency with that
The subjunctive mood is used to replace commands. It is softer and less direct. The subjunctive form is the simple form of the verb, and modals are not used.(Table 7.9. , p. 312)Eman AlkatheerySlide45
Statement of urgency with that
You put that, the subject, and the subjunctive after these adjectives (adjectives of urgency):Advisable Imperative Important
Vital Best Urgent
Crucial
Necessary Desirable Essential
If
the statement is negative, the word (not) comes before the verb
Eman AlkatheerySlide46
Statement of urgency with that
Practice 1, p. 312
It is crucial that you be on time.
Be on time!
It is important that you not arrive late.
Don’t arrive late!
It is urgent that they
discuss the matter.
Discuss the matter!It is vital that she make a decision immediately.Make a decision immediately!Eman AlkatheerySlide47
Statement of urgency with that
Compare:It is predictable that Noura will come late.It is obvious that Ali needs a job.
It is
urgent
that Ali get a job
.
It is
important that Ahmad study for the exam.Eman AlkatheerySlide48
Statement of urgency with that
Exercise:Change the following commands into statements of urgency by using the given adjectives.Crucial, important, urgent“Study for the exam, Ahmad.”“Arrange the files alphabetically.”“Wash your car.”
Eman AlkatheerySlide49
Urgent Requests with that
The subjunctive is also used with noun clauses with that after certain verbs of requests. This form of request is formal and polite. The subjunctive form is the simple form of the verb, and modals are not used. Eman AlkatheerySlide50
Urgent Requests with that
You put that, the subject, and the subjunctive after these verbs: (Table 7.10. , p. 313)Advise* ask* command* require*desire propose recommend
suggest
request
urge
*
demand
insist*They can be followed by both subjunctives and infinitives.Eman AlkatheerySlide51
Urgent Requests with that
Practice 2, p. 313
The teacher demanded that students hand in the papers.
Hand in the papers.
I advise that she stay home with her children
.
Stay home with your
children.
The boss recommends that we be aware of problems.Be aware of the problems.The manager insists that workers be on time. Be on time.Eman AlkatheerySlide52
Urgent Requests with that
My mother insisted that I not go to the party.
Don’t
go to
the party.
The doctor
insists
that every child get eight hours of sleep at night.
Get eight hours of sleep at night.The union urged that the company forbid all forms of discrimination.Forbid all forms of discrimination.The union recommended that the company give one-month vacation.Give one-month vacation.Eman AlkatheerySlide53
Urgent Requests with that
We
asked
the manager
to
attend
the meeting.
Attend the meeting.The doctor advised every child to get eight hours of sleep at night.Get eight hours of sleep at night.The union urged the company to forbid all forms of discrimination.Forbid all forms of discrimination.The union commanded the company to give one-month vacation.Give one-month vacation.* The infinitive is used as a form of reduction to the noun clause. It is used in informal English after these verbs: command, advise, ask, require, and urge.Eman AlkatheerySlide54
Urgent Requests with that
Exercise:Change the following commands into urgent requests by using the given verbs.
demand, suggest, urge
“Study for the exam, Ahmad.”
“Arrange the files alphabetically.”
“Wash your car
.”
Eman AlkatheerySlide55
Noun Clauses
PART FOUR:
CLAUSES
AS SUBJECTS OF SENTENCES
(PP.
316– 321)
Eman AlkatheerySlide56
Clauses as subjects of sentences.
A noun clause may be used as the subject of a sentence. It must begin with a connecting word (That, what, whether, if), and take a singular verb. (table 7.11, p. 317)
That he is a troublemaker
is
certain.
What he is known for
is
his mistakes.Eman AlkatheerySlide57
Clauses as subjects of sentences.
Whether they need the car seems uncertain.
Where I will be working
concerns
me because I have no car.
What they do
makes them popular.That my children eat well is important to me.Eman AlkatheerySlide58
Clauses as subjects of sentences.
What she is doing bothers me.Whether the manager decided to give me a raise or not worries me.
That Harry is not happy
was
obvious.
Practice 1, p. 317
Eman AlkatheerySlide59
Anticipatory it + Clauses with that
In some cases a noun clause ( the subject) comes at the end of the sentence, and (Anticipatory it ) comes at the beginning of the sentence. Anticipatory it + noun clause is common in conversational English. (table 7.12., p. 318)
Example:
That
Salwa
missed
the exam
is strange.It is strange that Salwa missed the exam.Eman AlkatheerySlide60
Anticipatory it + Clauses with that
Example:It is strange that Salwa missed the exam
.
Remember
:
Anticipatory it + adjectives of urgency are always followed by verbs in the subjunctive mood.
It is crucial that you
be
on time.Eman AlkatheerySlide61
Anticipatory it + Clauses with that
That Nawal needs a job is obvious.It is obvious
that
Nawal
needs a job
.
That Huda comes late
is predictable.
It is predictable that Huda comes late.That Ali be on time is crucial.It is crucial that Ali be on time.Practice 3, p. 319Eman AlkatheerySlide62
Noun Clauses
PART FIVE:
REDUCTION OF NOUN CLAUSES TO INFINITIVE PHRASES
(PP.
321–
310)
Eman AlkatheerySlide63
Reduction of Indirect Commands
Commands can be reduced to infinitive phrases in reported speech. (table 7.14., p. 325).The verb (say) does not take a noun or pronoun as its object before the noun clause or the infinitive phrase.However, the verb (tell
)
must
take a noun or a pronoun as its object before the noun clause or
the infinitive phrase
.
Some verbs such as advise, urge, command, …. Follow the same pattern of verb (tell).
Eman AlkatheerySlide64
Reduction of Indirect Commands
Infinitive phrase
Reported command
command
She said
to stop
it.
She said that we should stop it.Stop it!She told us to finish the work.She told us that we should finish the work.Finish the work.She told us to do a good job.She told us that we should do a good job.Do a good job.Eman AlkatheerySlide65
Reduction of Requests for Action
Yes / no questions are sometimes used as requests of action. (table 7.15., p. 325) Could you help me?
If they are turned into noun clauses, they can be reduced into infinitive phrases. The object must be used with the infinitive phrase.
She asked (me) if I could help her.
She asked me to help her.
Eman AlkatheerySlide66
Reduction of requests of Action
Infinitive phrase
Reported speech
Request of action
She asked me to help her.
She asked (me) if I could help her.
Could
you help me?
She asked me to lend her 5$.She asked (me) if I could lend her 5$.Could you lend me 5$?Eman AlkatheerySlide67
Reduction of Requests for Permission
Yes / no questions are sometimes used as requests for permission. (table 7.15., p. 325) Could I take your pen?
If they are turned into noun clauses, they can be reduced into infinitive phrases. The object
is not used
with the infinitive phrase.
She asked (me) if
she could take my pen.
She asked
to take my pen.Eman AlkatheerySlide68
Reduction of Requests for Permission
Infinitive phrase
Reported speech
Request of action
She asked to leave early.
Sarah
asked (me) if she c
ould leave early.
Can I leave early?She asked to turn on the light.Sarah asked (me) if she could turn on the light.Could I turn on the light?Eman AlkatheerySlide69
Reduction of Requests for Permission
Compare: She asked to take the pen.Can I take the pen? (Permission)She asked me to take the pen.Would you take the pen? (action)
Eman AlkatheerySlide70
Reduction of Embedded questions
Embedded yes/ no questions with auxiliaries can be reduced into infinitive phrases. (table 7.16, p.326)Should I come early?Jay asked if he should come early.In reduced Yes/no questions, whether (or not) is always used with infinitive phrases. The speaker and the subject of the question must be the same.
Jay
asked
whether to come
early.
Eman AlkatheerySlide71
Reduction of Embedded questions
Compare:Should I submit the paper on Tuesday?Should Sarah submit the paper on Tuesday?Ali Asked if he should submit the paper on Tuesday.Ali Asked if Sarah should submit the paper on Tuesday.Ali asked whether to submit the paper on Tuesday.The second one can’t be turned into an infinitive phrase because the subject of the main clause is different from the subject of the noun clause.
Eman AlkatheerySlide72
Reduction of Embedded questions
Embedded Wh-questions can be reduced into infinitive phrases. (table 7.16, p.326
) (Practice 4 & 5, p. 326)
Which pages should I read?
Jay asked
(her) which pages he should read.
In reduced
Wh
-questions, information question words (or wh-words) such as where, when, what, … are always used with infinitive phrases. The speaker and the subject of the question must be the same.Jay asked (her) which pages to read.Eman AlkatheerySlide73
Reduction of Embedded questions
Compare:When am I going to Egypt?When are they going to Egypt?Ali Asked when he is going to Egypt.Ali Asked when they are going to Egypt.Ali asked when to go to Egypt.The second one can’t be turned into an infinitive phrase because the subject of the main clause is different from the subject of the noun clause.
Eman AlkatheerySlide74
Reduction of Statements of Urgency
Statements of urgency can be reduced into infinitive phrases.(table 7.13, p. 323) It is important that she call.It is important for her to call.It is necessary that I eat well.It is necessary for me to eat well.
It was essential that he have the money
It was essential for him to have the money.
Eman AlkatheerySlide75
Reduction of Urgent Requests
Some urgent requests can be used with infinitive phrases. Only the following verbs of requests can be used with infinitive phrases (table 7.13, p. 323) Practice 1, p. 323advise, urge, command, require, askI will advise that he call right away.
I will advise him to call right away
.
He urged that I see a doctor.
He urged me to see a doctor.
Eman AlkatheerySlide76
Reduction of Urgent Requests
* The infinitive is used as a form of reduction to the noun clause. It is used in informal English after these verbs: command, advise, ask, require, and urge.Attend the meeting.We asked that the manager attend the meeting.We asked the manager
to
attend
the meeting
.
Get eight hours of sleep at night.
The doctor advised that every child get eight hours of sleep at night.The doctor advised every child to get eight hours of sleep at night.Eman AlkatheerySlide77
Reduction of Urgent Requests
Forbid all forms of discrimination.The union urged that the company forbid all forms of discrimination.The union urged the company to forbid all forms of discrimination.Give one-month vacation.The union commanded that the company
give
one-month vacation.
The union commanded the company
to give
one-month vacation.
Eman Alkatheery