The Civil Rights Movement Segregation still practiced in the south by law Segregation still practiced in the north despite no law enforcing it Discontent over treatment and oppression lead to the Civil Rights Movement ID: 776243
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Slide1
EOC Test Preparation:Transformational Years
Slide2The Civil Rights Movement
Segregation still practiced in the south by lawSegregation still practiced in the north despite no law enforcing itDiscontent over treatment and oppression lead to the Civil Rights MovementFighting for constitutional rights
Slide3The Civil Rights Movement
Brown v. Board of Ed (1954)1950s NAACP sued board of ed. In Topeka, Kansas because Linda Brown was not allowed to attend the all-white schoolSupreme Court reversed Plessy v. Ferguson (“separate but equal”); meant segregation in schools was unconstitutionalChief Justice Earl Warren
Slide4The Civil Rights Movement
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964)Supreme Court continued dealing with segregationCourt ruled that Congress could regulate interstate commerce to outlaw segregation in privately owned businesses
Slide5White Resistance to CRM
Southern political leaders maintained segregation despite Court rulingsArkansas and the Little Rock NineGovernor wouldn’t allow segregation in the high schoolNational Guard called to prevent students from enteringEisenhower had to send in 101st Airborne to enforce Court’s ruling
Slide6Slide7White Resistance to CRM
University of Mississippi and James MeredithGovernor tried to prevent him from being admittedJFK sent federal authorities to handle the situationAL Governor George WallacePrevent integration at Univ. of AlabamaFederal authorities sent to intervene
Slide8Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence
Montgomery Bus BoycottRosa Parks, Dec. 1, 1955NAACP and Dr. MLK Jr. lead a boycott of city busesCity lost lots of $$$Made MLK Jr. a national figure
Slide9Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence
MLK-Leader of the CRMCivil disobedience- non-violent refusal to obey unjust lawsGandhi
Slide10Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence
Sit-insFeb. 1, 1960 Greensboro NCNonviolent, remain seated until served or arrestedStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Slide11Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence
Freedom RidesBlacks and whites took buses from the north to south to test court’s decision on interstate travelCORE: Congress of Racial Equality
Slide12Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence
CR protests continued in the South 1962-63August 28, 1963: March on WashingtonMeant to put pressure on JFK to pass CRs legislation200,000 people showed up in support
Slide13Malcolm X and Black Militant Movement
Malcolm XGain rights by “any means necessary” Started as a more militant individual, through Islam he became less militantViewed by some as a traitorKilled in Feb. 1965 at a rally
Slide14Malcolm X and Black Militant Movement
Black Power-pride in African heritage, separate black economic and political institutions, self-defense against white violence, potentially violent revolutionBlack Panthers-1966 Positive and negative impactPushed to rebuild ghettos in big cities
Slide15Legal Changes
Lyndon B. Johnson urged Congress to pass CRs laws that JFK had proposed prior to his assassination
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited segregation in public places
Prohibited discrimination in education and employment
24
th
Amendment-1964, protected blacks’ voting rights by making the poll tax illegal
Voting Rights Act-1965
Suspended literacy tests for voter registration
Led to huge amounts of African Americans to register to vote and running for political office
Slide16Civil Rights and the Cold War
Both the US and USSR sought countries all over the world to form alliances with
The fact that the US was slow to enforce equality among all people didn’t help the cause
Slide17Civil Rights and the Media
Power of the mediaMany people in the US owned TVs and were able to watch what was happening in the CRMIdeas spread quickly
Slide18Johnson, Nixon, Vietnam
Lyndon B. Johnson,“Great Society”-CRs, social programs (“War on Poverty”)Was able to get Congress to pass a lot of legislation that helped the poor and urban areasMedicare/caidHead Start (education for low-income families)Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentLoosened immigration laws
Slide19Johnson, Nixon, Vietnam
Vietnam was a colony of France, but following WWII they began fighting for independence
Nationalists had ties to communism
Geneva Accords-conference in Switzerland, 1954, called for Vietnam to be divided into 2 nations
North=communist under Ho Chi Minh
South= democratic under Ngo
Kinh
Diem
Slide20Slide21US Involvement in Vietnam
Eisenhower and Kennedy (and the US) feared the spread of Communism
Viet Cong-Communist rebels in South Vietnam
US sent military to help South Vietnam fight communist North and VC
Diem’s
gov
. was corrupt in the South
Kennedy assassinated (Lee Harvey Oswald), Johnson now in office, will not lose Vietnam to Communism
Slide22US Involvement in Vietnam
Johnson won the presidency in 1964 by making his opponent seem (literally) on the warpath against VietnamHowever, Johnson was completely supportive of military involvementGulf of Tonkin-North Vietnamese had attacked US shipsHad they really???Johnson used the event to pass the Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionGave him the power to take military actions against Vietnam w/o Congressional approval
Slide23US Involvement in Vietnam
VC power continuing to spread as poor Southern Vietnamese supported the causeOperation Rolling ThunderUS wanted to cut off North Vietnam’s support of VC (through supplies)Johnson ordered intense bombing campaignBridges, supply lines, villagesCareful not to bomb areas that might incur wrath of USSR and China
Slide24Viet Cong and Guerilla Warfare
Not the traditional style of warfareStrategies involving surprise attacks and then fleeingTet OffensiveJan. 30, 1968Heavy fightingProved that the Communists could launch a serious military attack on US forcesUS citizens begin to question the war
Slide25Attitudes in the US
Divided attitudesUS as the criminal?Anti-war movementMostly on college campusesSome peaceful, some violentJohnson looks bad, does not run for re-election
Slide26Nixon and Vietnam
Jan. 1969, vowed to get US out of VietnamVietnamization: South Vietnamese soldiers to take the place of the US soldiers in VietnamStill nervous about Communism…began bombing raids against NV, Cambodia, LaosInvaded Cambodia and destroy Communist training camps
Slide27End of US Involvement
Paris Peace AccordsWithdrawal of US troops within 60 daysRelease of POWsAll parties involved would end military activities in Laos and Cambodia17th parallel would still divide N and S Vietnam
Slide28End of US Involvement
Fall of SaigonAfter US left Vietnam, fighting resumedNorth Vietnamese surrounded South Vietnamese at SaigonUS tried a last evacuation mission on April 29thApril 30th Saigon fell and Vietnam became a Communist country
Slide29War Protests
Kent State UniversityAnti-war protest turned violentStudents attacked businesses and burned army ROTC building on campusGovernor of OH sent in troopsOpened fire when students began throwing rocks/objects4 dead, 9 injured
Slide30War Protests
Pentagon Papers1971NY Times published a gov. study on US involvementExecutive branch (president) had lied to CongressSecret decisionsUnapproved military actions
Slide31War Protests
Media and VietnamNightly news showed horrors of war and even listed the death tolls each nightHuge negative impact on citizens’ views of the war
Slide32Social Revolution
“Baby Boomers” were now in college and challenging the ideals of societyWoodstock1969Peace, music, drugs, “immoral” behaviorcountercultureStudents for a Democratic Society (SDS)“New Left”Rejected traditional views concerning social issuesRadical change
Slide33Social Revolution
Migrant WorkersUnited Farm Workers1962Cesar ChavezSupported rights of migrant farm workersNon-violent protests, hunger strikes
Slide34Social Revolution
Women’s Movement“women’s lib”; equality between sexesBetty Friedan, The Feminine MystiquePhyllis SchlaflyAgainst Equal Rights AmendmentWomen should stay home and take care of family, pursue a career later
Slide35Social Revolution
Women’s MovementEqual Rights Amendment-sexual discrimination illegal (1972)Was not ratifiedRoe v. Wade-1973, Supreme Court ruled state laws restricting a woman’s right to an abortion during first 3 months was unconstitutional
Slide36Nixon Presidency
Détente
Nixon wanted to ease tensions between US and foreign nations through diplomacy
Domestic Policies/Issues
New Federalism: give power back to states, cut
gov
. support
Wanted a “middle road” when it came to CRs
Slide37Nixon Presidency
Domestic Policies/IssuesSwann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Ed (1971)School busing and racial integration
Slide38Nixon Presidency
Oil EmbargoFuel crisis, 1973OPEC placed an embargo (refused to sell) to US b/c of support for IsraelExposed us dependency on oil
Slide39Nixon Presidency
Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental MovementResources were not limitlessConservationEPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
Slide40Nixon Presidency
Watergate1972 presidential electionNixon was concerned he would lose Officials loyal to him wiretapped phones at DNC headquartersAttempt failed, police arrested 5 men involvedNixon didn’t know about the break-in, but he participated in cover-upSupreme Court ruled that he had to deliver the tapes, but 18. 5 minutes was suspiciously missingHe was the only president in history to resignWould’ve been impeached otherwise