CONTENTS Survey data analysis and types of research Spreadsheet analysis Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS Preparation SPSS procedures The analysis process Survey data analysis and types of research ID: 783503
Download The PPT/PDF document "C hapter 16: Analysing survey data" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Chapter 16: Analysing survey data
Slide2CONTENTSSurvey data analysis and types of researchSpreadsheet analysisStatistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
Preparation
SPSS procedures
The analysis process
Slide3Survey data analysis and types of research (Fig. 16.1)
Research type
SPSS procedures
Descriptive
Frequencies, Means
Explanatory
Crosstabulation, Comparison of means, regression
EvaluativeFrequencies – compared with targets or benchmarksCrosstabulations – comparing user/customer-groupsMeans – compared with some benchmark or target
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide4Explanatory research and causality Necessary conditions:
Associations
between variables (A changes with B)
Time priority
(B happens after A)Non-spurious relationships (relationships ‘make sense’)Rationale/theory (there should be an explanation)A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide5Spreadsheet analysis (Fig. 16.1)Example using data from Campus Sporting Life questionnaire (Fig. 10.21)FREQUENCY procedure in Microsoft Excel used to produce:
frequency counts of coded variables
averages for numerical variables (age, spend)
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London: Routledge
Slide6Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
Software package produced by SPSS inc., owned by IBM
A
nalysis of
questionnaire-based and other
dataorganised as cases with specified variablesSPSS is effective and one of the most popular packages. Its use in this book does not imply endorsement as ‘the best’ package. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide7SPSS procedures covered (Fig. 16.4)
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide8Preparation: cases and variables: from Fig. 10.21
VARIABLES
qno
status
cafebar
music
sport
travel
cheap
Etc
C
A
S
E
S
1
2
1
1
0
0
1
2
211101331000244000025310011631110272100038210103Etc
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide9Information required for each variable in the questionnaireNameType – numeric, string (letters) or date
Width
– max. no. of characters
Decimal places
Label – longer version of nameValues – for coded variablesMissing – blanks, no answer, etc. Columns – no. of columns in Data View screen (see below)Alignment – left, right, centre (in Data View)Measure/data type – nominal, ordinal, scale A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide10Variable namesUp to 8 characters (no spaces), beginning with a letterNot allowed: ALL AND BY EQ GT LE LT NE NOT OR TO WITHCan be:Short version of item description (as used here), or
Var01, var02, var03 etc. or
Q1a, Q1b, Q2, Q3 etc
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London: Routledge
Slide11Types of measureNominal: described in words – eg. male/femaleOrdinal
: Ranked: 1, 2, 3 … means 1
st
, 2
nd
, 3rd ….Scale: fully numericA. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide12Variable ViewInformation on variables is entered in the SPSS ‘Variable View’ screen
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide13Variable view screen (Fig. 16.8)
Slide14Data ViewData entered directly on the Data View screen, orCan be imported from a spreadsheet file
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide15Data View screen (Fig. 16.9)
Slide16Note to teachersIt is not envisaged that SPSS detailed procedures would be the subject of a PowerPoint presentation: students would benefit most from following the procedures in practical sessionsA copy of the Campus Sporting Life
data files is available on the book website
However, teachers may wish to discuss the nature/ purpose of the various procedures.
Slides are therefore included with the outputs from the procedures
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide17Descriptives: N, Minimum, Maximum, Mean & Standard Deviation for each variable.
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide18Descriptives: output: first few variables (Fig. 16.11)
N
Min.
Max.
Mean
Std. Deviation
Student status
15142.53
.915
Campus
pool
in last 4 wks
15
0
1
.87
.352
Campus
gym
in last 4 wks
15
0
1.53.516Campus squash in last 4 wks1501.33.488Spectators in last 4 wks1501.13.352Free/cheap (rank)15131.80.775Daytime events (rank)15253.73.961Not available elsewhere (rank)15131.60.737Socialising (rank)15153.201.082Quality of presentation (rank)15454.67.488Entertainment exp./month1525300115.0087.076Relaxation opportunities – imp.15132.20.676Etc.A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide19FrequenciesSimple counts/percentages of variablesNominal/ordinal: straightforwardNumeric may need to be grouped – see RecodeFrequencies form the basis for a statistical summary/appendix – see Fig. 16.6
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide20Frequencies: output (Fig. 16.12)
Student status
Frequency
PercentValid Percent
Cumulative PercentValidF/T student/no paid work
213.313.313.3F/T student/paid work
5
33.3
33.3
46.7
P/T student - F/T job
6
40.0
40.0
86.7
P/T student/Other
2
13.3
13.3
100.0
Total
15100.0100.0 Frequencies for all variables: see Appendix 16.1A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide21Multiple ResponseTwo types of ‘Multiple Response’Dichotomy:
Q. 2: use of services: 4 ‘yes/no’ variables
Best combined into one table
Category
:
Q. 6: Suggestions: up to three responses per respondent = 3 variablesBest combined into one tableA. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide22Multiple Response output: Fig. 16.13
Dichotomy
label
Name
Count
Pct of Responses Pct ofCasesCampus pool in last 4 wks pool1346.492.9Campus gym
in last 4 wks gym828.657.1Campus squash in last 4 wks squash
517.935.7Spectate, campus in last 4 wks spectate 2 7.114.3Total responses 28 100.0
200.0
Category
label
Code
Count
Pct
of Responses
Pct
of Cases
Programme content
1
7
31.8
58.3
Timing
2627.350.0Facilities3313.625.0Costs4418.233.3Organisation 52 9.116.7 Total responses 22 100.0 183.3A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide23RecodeGrouping/Re-grouping variable categories, especially:presentational: numerical variables theoretical
eg
. 5 categories of tourism or just two: leisure
vs
non-leisure?
Comparison – with other researchstatistical reasons – see Ch. 17Examples: uncoded, ‘spend’ has 9 different answers (see Appendix 16.1): recode into 4 groupsStudent status has 2 F/T and 2 P/T categories: recode into F/T and P/T A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide24Recode: output (Fig. 16.14)
Spend recoded
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
£ 0-50
426.726.726.7 £ 51-100
6
40.0
40.0
66.7
£ 101-200
2
13.3
13.3
80.0
£ 201
+
3
20.0
20.0
100.0
Total15100.0100.0 Status recoded FrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative Percent Full-time student 746.746.746.7 Part-time student853.353.3100.0 Total15100.0100.0 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide25Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, ModeMean = average Median
= middle value when all cases ranked in order
Mode
= most popular value
Only valid with scale and ordinal variables
Options:Add to ‘Frequencies’ procedureUse ‘Means’A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide26Mean, median, mode: ‘frequencies’ procedure (Fig. 16.15)
Additional
output from ‘Frequencies’
Relaxation opportunities - importance
Social interaction - importance
Fitness - importanceN
Valid151515Missing
000Mean2.202.671.47
Median
2.0
3.0
1.0
Mode
2
3
1
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide27Means procedure (Fig. 16.15)
Student status
Mean
N
Std. Deviation*
F/T student/no paid work102.50
267.175F/T student/paid work120.00
583.666P/T student - F/T job 99.17676.643P/T student/Other162.50
2
194.454
Total
115.00
15
87.076
Mean expenditure by student status
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide28CrosstabulationTable showing relationships between two or more variablesTable can include one or more of the following: countsrow %
column %
total %
statistical tests – see Ch. 17
Procedure: ‘Crosstabs’
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide29Crosstabs
Student status by attended
live campus music: counts only
Live campus music in last 4 wks
TotalNo
YesStudent statusF/T student/no paid work
112F/T student/paid work32
5
P/T student - F/T job
2
4
6
P/T student/Other
1
1
2
Total
7
8
15
Student status by attended live campus music: row
percentagesLive campus music in last 4 wksTotalNoYesStudent statusF/T student/no paid work50.0%50.0%100.0%F/T student/paid work60.0%40.0%100.0%P/T student - F/T job33.3%66.7%100.0%P/T student/Other50.0%50.0%100.0%Total46.7%53.3%100.0%A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide30Crosstabs contd: three variables
Gender
Live campus
music/4
wks
Total
NoYesMale
Student statusF/T student/no paid wk112
P/T student - F/T job
2
3
5
P/T student/Other
0
1
1
Total
3
5
8
Female
Student status
F/T student/paid work
325P/T student - F/T job011P/T student/Other101Total43 7A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide31WeightingWeighting discussed in Ch. 13‘Weight cases’ procedureeg. if Masters students under-sampled:
suppose masters students need to be given a weight of 1.3
create new variable wt
for Masters students wt = 1.3; all others: wt = 1
In ‘Weight cases’: weight by wt
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide32GraphicsTypes:bar graphstacked bar graphpie chart
line graph
scatter plot
Different graph types suited to different data types
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Slide33Data types and graphics (Fig. 16.18)
Data type
Nominal
Ordinal
Scale
Data characteristicsQualitative categoriesRanksNumericalExample questions in Fig. 10.201, 2, 63, 54
Mean/average possibleNoYesYesTypes of graphic Bar graphYes
YesYes* Pie chartYesYesYes* Line graphNoNoYes Scatter gramNoNoYes
* Grouped
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide34Bar chart
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide35Stacked bar chart
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide36Pie chart
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide37Line graph
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge
Slide38Scatterplot
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014)
Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide
. London:
R
outledge