New World Encounters Chapter 1 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

New World Encounters

Chapter 1Slide2

Native American Histories before Conquest

Humans occupied part of the Western Hemisphere thousands of years before the European discovery of America. Environmental conditions spurred ancient settlement as glaciers moved south and uncovered a ______ __________ connecting Asia and N. America, across which came the

Paleo

-IndiansFood, climate, culture and especially global warming ended the Ice Age, allowing Native American cultures to expand their populations and where they lived. As food sources changed due to the ____________ Revolution, so did their cultures, and soon they developed semi-agricultural societies of considerable sophisticationThree of those societies included:

Cahokia

Aztecs

Eastern Woodland

Native American

city near present day St. Louis.

Rivaled European cities in size and sophistication

Complex

and successful empire in central Mexico.

Tenochtitlan

, center of Aztec culture, contained 250,000 inhabitants

formed

along the NE Atlantic coast, into the Great Lakes. Diverse and mobile community of hunters, gatherers, and farmersSlide3

A World Transformed

N.A. were profoundly changed by contact with Europeans. Some good, mostly bad

Good:

Iron tools

Some

adopted Christianity

BAD:

Seen as the main obstacles to settlement

European

trade goods

quickly became a part of N.A. culture, and their efforts to gather

furs for trade

upset

the

ecological balance

This also caused increasing tension

between tribes

as competition increased.

N.A. not killed in battle died as a result of disease brought by Europeans to the AmericasSlide4

Imagining a New World

Spain

France

EnglandWith explorers like Christopher __________ leading the way, Spain established

the largest colonial empire in the New World.

The _____________ were independent adventurers that led the Spanish movement in carving out a colonial empire

After initial forays

for riches

, Spanish government officials brought some order, class and caste distinction, and Catholicism to the empire

Later, the French,

without much support from the Crown, settled parts of North America.

They main trade was that of _______

The French lived and worked more cooperatively with the Native Americans to trade with them as well as convert them to ___________

Began

to venture to North America in the latter 15

th

c. in search of the mythical _______ __________, a short route to Asia

One reason for the delay was the __________ Reformation, in which Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church

_________ I settled the religious debate and established the _________ Church

The English conquest of __________ was used as a testing ground for theories of colonial ruleSlide5

An Unpromising Beginning:

Mystery at Roanoke

ROANOKE

Sir Walter Raleigh tried and FAILEDSlide6

Multiple Choice 1

1. The peopling of America was made possible some 30,000 years ago because of

A. a long period of global warming

B. the domestication of horsesC. new canoe technologyD. bitter intertribal wars in AsiaE. the onset of the Ice AgeAnswer: ESlide7

Multiple Choice 2

2. The first migrants to the New World came from

A. Western Europe

B. AsiaC. AfricaD. AustraliaE. Southwest Answer: BSlide8

Multiple Choice # 3

3. Columbus originally was determined to prove that

A. A westward water route to China existed

B. the world was not flatC. the continents of North and South America existedD. The lost continent of Atlantis was actually part of South AmericaE. the world was smaller than scientists believed at the timeAnswer: ASlide9

Multiple Choice # 4

4. Geographically, the French claimed and settled

A. the southwest

B. the Atlantic seaboardC. the Mississippi Valley and CanadaD. BrazilE. the SoutheastAnswer: CSlide10

Multiple Choice # 5

5. What 16

th

c. European upheaval had a profound impact upon England’s settlement of the New World?A. the CrusadesB. the War of the RosesC. the Hundred Years’ WarD. the experience of the Marian exilesE. the ReformationAnswer: ESlide11

FRQ

Describe the effect of European exploration and colonization on African and Native American cultures. How did each group react to these confrontations of societies?

Although the reasons varied by nation, all European nations’ desires for exploration revolved around three central themes. Those themes were the quest for gold and spices, the desire to spread Christianity, and a desire to utilize new technologies. This then had a huge impact on all three continents. Each continent had negative and positive consequences.

Positive consequences included trading of crops between continents thus stabilizing the diets and nutrition of each continent. Another positive consequence was the exchange of and growth of cultures through diffusion. Negative consequences were African slavery, annihilation of Native American populations and cultures and the damage of two continents’ ecosystems.Slide12

New World Experiments:

England’s 17

th

c. coloniesCHESAPEAKE:DREAMS OF WEALTH

Virginia

Maryland

Joint Stock company (namely the London Co) built Jamestown. Experience trouble because of a hostile environment

Saved by

John Smith

who established military order. London Co. also sent more people to populate the colony

Tobacco

as a commercial crop was the key to eventual success.

House of Burgesses

established the first

gov’t

in the Americas

Sir George Calvert and son

Cecilius

(the Lords of Baltimore) acquired a

royal charter

to set up Maryland

The second Lord Baltimore insisted on

religious tolerationSlide13

Reinventing England in America

Pilgrims

First went to Holland

Massachusetts Bay Colony

John Winthrop

Democratic Town Meetings

Religious Dissent

Anne Hutchinson/

RogerWilliams

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Connecticut

New HavenSlide14

Diversity in the Middle Colonies

New York

New Jersey

PennsylvaniaDeleware

Originally

New Netherland

Settled by Dutch, Finns, Swedes, Germans, and Africans

England wrested the colony from the Dutch and renamed it New York

Diverse and huge area-meant bureaucratic problems for the Crown

Originally

a proprietary colony owned by

Lord Berkeley & Sir George

Cateret

Split when Quakers bought land there

Never really prospered like NY

Struggled with discord and political conflicts

Quakers settled in Pennsylvania

Quaker theology-everyone

possessed an “inner light” that offered salvation

William Penn

tried to establish a complex society based on Quaker principles

Colony promoted aggressively welcoming people of all faiths and nationalitiesSlide15

Planting the Carolinas and

The Founding of Georgia

Carolinas

Settled by the English

Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury

Wealthy families from Barbados

N. Carolina

S. Carolina

1729

Georgia

Utopian Vision

General James Oglethorpe

Debtors prison from London

Struggled in the early yearsSlide16

Multiple Choice #1

1. Unlike Virginia, Maryland was established

A. as a commercial center

B. as a frontier outpost to secure the area from the FrenchC. by French HuguenotsD. as a religious sanctuary for persecuted Catholics from EnglandE. by a commercial trading companyAnswer: DSlide17

Multiple Choice #2

2. The major difference in the founding of the colony of Georgia was

A. it was a royal colony in which the king paid the governor’s salary

B. religious differences between England and its colonistsC. an act of aggression and defense from the SpanishD. the colony was not heavily populated by nativesE. All of the above were differences between all of the rest of the colonies and GeorgiaAnswer: C Georgia became a royal colony after it’s founding. Choice A is not correct because the question asks about the time the colony was founded. When Georgia was founded, it was feared that the Spanish would attach S. Carolina. Carolinians took hold of Spanish land to build that buffer.Slide18

Multiple Choice #3

3. The main staple of the Carolinas’ economy by the close of the 17

th

c. wasA. cottonB. riceC. tobaccoD. timberE. indigoAnswer: B The geography of S. Carolina was conducive for rice production. However, it did not become a staple until after 1690Slide19

Multiple Choice #4

4. The Plymouth Colony was ultimately absorbed by which colony?

A. Maryland

B. PennsylvaniaC. VirginiaD. MassachusettsE. DelewareAnswer: DSlide20

Multiple Choice #5

5. Anne Hutchinson’s skillful self-defense at her trial before the Bay’s magistrates was ruined by

A. her affinity for the dictum of works

B. her claim of personal revelationC. her reliance on the ScripturesD. her rejection of free graceE. the fact that she was femaleAnswer: B The revelation was tantamount to heresySlide21

FRQ

Compare and contrast the English colonies of the Chesapeake with their counterparts at Massachusetts Bay. What were their similarities and their differences?

Massachusetts Bay colonies were established as refuges. The first colonies were refuges from religious persecution in England. Then ultimately, the other colonies were established as refuges from the Bay colonies.

The Chesapeake colonies may have originally been refuges from religious persecution. These colonies established themselves as heterogeneous colonies that led to cultural diversity. This diversity affected the political, cultural and economic development of the coloniesSlide22

Putting Down Roots:

Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society

SOCIAL ORDER IN THE 17

TH C.

Early

settlers

Town

and Church

Women

Colonials

Grouped into families-more stable base

Population grew-increase in human longevity

Open spaces/pure

drinking water/cool climate helped retard the spread of disease and promoted good health

Family foundation

Family

was also the basis for educating children

As towns grew, they were required to open schools supported by local taxes

Lacked economic, political and legal rights

Contributions were essential

for a successful household

Worked on family farms and managed the home

Social groups:

Economic

groups:

Provincial gentry

Yeoman

Indentured servants

Most northern colonists were

YEOMAN farmersSlide23

The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment

Family Life

Economy

Not favorable for survival

Contagious disease & contaminated drinking water

Most colonists arrived alone

Imbalance between the number of men and women

Childbearing was extremely dangerous

Tobacco shaped society

Great planters controlled estates and the labor of

indentured servants

or

slaves

Freeman

formed the largest class

Cities/towns slow to develop

Social mobility hard to attainSlide24

Race and Freedom in British America

Africans

11 million

Thought to be barbarous and heathens

Whites drew up

slave codes

African response-developed their own unique African American culture

CreoleSlide25

Rise of a commercial empire

Mercantilism

Regulatory policy-increase exports, decrease imports, and grow richer at the expense of other European states

Navigation Acts

(beginning in 1660)

Board of Trade

Oversee colonial affairs

Limit competition

Shipping guidelines and a list of enumerated goods that could flow from the colonies to EnglandSlide26

Colonial Factions spark political revolt, 1675-1691

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

King Philip’s War (1675)

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

The Glorious Revolution

Jacob

Leisler

John CoodeSlide27

Multiple Choice #1

1. In _________, charges of witchcraft caused considerable turmoil in the late 17

th

c.A. SalemB. LondonC. DedhamD. BostonE. New YorkAnswer: ASlide28

Multiple Choice #2

2. Puritans viewed which of the following as essential to their New England commonwealth?

A. strict adherence to personal hygiene measures

B. a flexible form of colonial administrationC. a healthy family lifeD. the rapid creation of an urban society in New EnglandE. honest public officialsAnswer: C Slide29

Multiple Choice #3

3. In 1647, the Massachusetts legislature ordered all townships with 15 or more families to ______ and support with local taxes

A. provide police services

B. establish fire departmentsC. hire a doctorD. elect a mayorE. open an elementary schoolAnswer: ESlide30

Multiple Choice #4

4. The most important difference between the New England and Chesapeake colonies was

A. found in their different forms of agricultural production

B. the Chesapeake’s much higher mortality rateC. based on the differences between their respective proprietorsD. the Chesapeake’s much greater emphasis on the familyE. their different religionsAnswer: B All of the answers are plausibly correct. However, the key phrase in this question is “most important difference” The mortality rate retarded the growth of the Chesapeake Bay region.Slide31

Multiple Choice # 5

5. British authorities based their colonial commercial policies on the theory of

A. feudalism

B. monopolismC. federalismD. mercantilismE. republicanismAnswer: DSlide32

FRQ

Compare and contrast social and economic life in 17

th

c New England with that of the Chesapeake coloniesNew England social and economic life centered around the concept of church first. Once the religious obligation goes away, the individual is safe. The resources in this region really affect this idea. These colonies also have difficulties because of the homogeneous nature. When someone objects the person becomes ostracized.The heterogeneous nature of the Chesapeake colonies allow for worship as one sees fit. This then enhances a viable economy.Slide33

Experience of Empire

18

th

century AmericaScotch-IrishGermansConvicts

Native Americans

Arrived in great numbers in the 18

th

c

Many were more interested in improving

their lot rather than finding religious freedom (think of “Joseph” in

Far and Away)

They

combined the 2

nd

largest group of non-English settlers

First came for religious toleration

then soon came for material gains

Mostly settled in the middle colonies, especially Pennsylvania

Comprised a large group of immigrants

Between 1715 and 1775,

some 50000 convicts were shipped to America from Britain to be employed as

indentured servants

Migrated to the western backcountry and joined existing

confederacies of Indian tribes

The Indians interacted, traded and compromised with Europeans as much as possibleSlide34

Spanish borderlands of the 18th

c

What happened?!

Spanish outposts in North America grew very slowly

Spanish colonials

exploited

and

enslaved

Native Americans

Settlements lacked the resources for sustained growthSlide35

Impact of European ideas on American cultureSlide36

Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies

The Great Awakening had a profound impact in colonial America and cause colonists to rethink their basic assumptions about church and state institutions

It brought a profound infusion of evangelical exhortations and revival spirit

Preachers like ________ and __________ vividly depicted the horrors of hell to captivated audiences in an effort to restore religious vitality.The movement swept the colonies through the work of _________ preachersSlide37

Clash of political cultures

English

American

Divided political power between the monarch and his council of advisors

Two

chamber Parliament, each group providing a “check” on the ambitions of the others

Reality: vulnerable to corruption

Commonwealthmen

observed that many of England’s rulers were corrupt and institutions were no longer in balance

Colonists attempted to recreate British-style institutions

Legislative

assemblies

helped offset the ineptitude of royal governors

Colonial assemblies

were often aggressive in asserting power, as they fought to protect the rights of American colonistsSlide38

Century of Imperial War

King William’s and Queen Anne’s Wars

The Seven Years’ War

Ben Franklin-Albany Plan

King George’s War

Resulted in little change in territorial control

Revealed the capability of America colonial forces in waging war against the French

Proposed a most ambitious plan for common colonial defense and western expansion

Showdown for

N.American

supremacy 1756-1760. English prevailed Slide39

Multiple choice #1

1. The largest group of white, non-English immigrants to the colonies were

A. the Dutch

B. the GermansC. the SwedishD. the Scotch-IrishE. the FrenchAnswer: DSlide40

Multiple Choice #2

2. _________ was the most important embodiment of the Enlightenment in America.

A. Jonathan Edwards

B. Ben FranklinC. John LockeD. Isaac NewtonE. Thomas JeffersonAnswer: BSlide41

Multiple Choice #3

3. Which of the following wars between England and France had the greatest political and economic impact on colonial America?

A. King William’s War

B. Queen Anne’s WarC. King George’s WarD. the Seven Years’ WarE. the War of the League of AugsburgAnswer: DSlide42

Multiple Choice #4

4. What did the Great Awakening,

intercolonial

trade, and the rise of the colonial assemblies have in common?A. they created disdain for EnglandB. they created a rebellious spirit in AmericaC. they exacerbated the problems of an already divided citizenryD. they helped create imperial rivalry between England and FranceE. they all contributed to a growing sense of shared identity among the colonistsAnswer: ESlide43

Multiple Choice #5

5. ________ was responsible for authoring the Albany Plan

A. Ben Franklin

B. Jonathan EdwardsC. John LockeD. Isaac NewtonE. Thomas JeffersonAnswer: ASlide44

FRQ

Discuss the ways that the Anglo-American economic relationship changed during the 18

th

century. Further, discuss what impact those changes had upon the colonial economySlide45

The American Revolution: From Elite Protest

to popular revolt, 1763-1783

Supreme Authority: King George III, and Parliament

“No Taxation without Representation” became the American motto while seeking freedom from England’s revenue taxation

American ideology: heavy religious and moral components based on the Great Awakening and John LockeSlide46

Eroding the Bonds of EmpireSlide47

Steps toward Independence

Coercive Acts

Continental Congress-55 American delegates

Shots heard “round the world”

Lexington

Concord

A Second Continental Congress (1775) Thomas Paine “Common Sense”Slide48

American

English

1776-George Washington’s army suffered serious defeats in NY and NJ

1778-dug in at Valley ForgeAmerican colonists dug in again and won a final victory in YorktownAmerican peace delegation (B. Franklin, J Adams, J. Jay) would negotiate a very successful treaty gaining independence, favorable boundaries and important fishing rights

1777-Burgoyne’s army fell in Saratoga, persuading the French to offer an alliance with America

British Southern strategy let loose a fury

Loyalists-those colonists still loyal to the crown would bring social disorder

Fighting for IndependenceSlide49

Multiple Choice #1

1. England passed the Coercive Acts in response to

A. the colonial boycott of the Stamp Act

B. the American victory at SaratogaC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Declaratory ActE. the Tea actAnswer: CSlide50

Multiple Choice #2

2. The tensions leading to the Boston Massacre were caused by

A. widespread British murders of American leaders

B. Parliament’s repeal of the Stamp ActC. the Boston Tea partyD. the presence of several thousand British soldiers in BostonE. anger at Charles TownshendAnswer: DSlide51

Multiple Choice #3

3. The pamphlet, _________, presented justification to Americans for their break with Great Britain

A. Common Sense

B. The PrinceC. the Declaration of the Rights of ManD. Treatise on GovernmentE. American CrisisAnswer: ASlide52

Multiple Choice #4

4. The American victory that brought about the French alliance occurred at

A. Trenton

B. YorktownC. Breed’s HillD. PhiladelphiaE. SaratogaAnswer: ESlide53

Multiple Choice #5

5. The radical American group which first emerged during the Stamp Act crisis was known as

A. the Loyalists

B. the FederalistsC. the Democratic RepublicansD. the Sons of LibertyE. Oliver’s RaidersAnswer: DSlide54

FRQ

Discuss the relationship between England’s internal political problems and the loss of its colonial empire

in America.