Paraphrase Writing Be different, yet the same - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Paraphrase Writing

Be different, yet the same Slide2

Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the students

should be able to:

define what a paraphrase is;

detail the steps in paraphrasing;

identify some errors in paraphrasing; and

write accurate paraphrase.Slide3
Slide4
Slide5

Paraphrase defined

“restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form”

- Merriam Webster Online DictionarySlide6

Paraphrase defined

“a full-length (complete) restatement or rewording of a passage.”

“rewrites the passage; but it presents the exact meaning or intention of the selection, and explains if necessary, what the original passage did not state so plainly.”Slide7

State it in other ways

"In the famous sketch from the TV show 'Monty Python's Flying Circus,' the actor John

Cleese

had many ways of saying

a parrot was dead

:

‘

This parrot is no more,'

'He's expired and gone to meet his maker

,'

‘His metabolic processes are now history

.'Slide8

Paraphrase involves…

Translating from one register of language to another

From scientific to ordinary layman’s terms

From literary or poetic style to common discourse

From archaic writing to present usage

From slang to standard EnglishSlide9

Guess what this is…

Scintillate, scintillate globule

aurific

Fair would I fathom thy nature specific

Loftily poised in the ether capacious

Strongly resembling a gem carbonaceous

Scintillate, scintillate globule

aurific

Fair would I fathom thy nature specificSlide10

Scintillate, scintillate

globule

aurific

Fair would I fathom

thy nature specific

Loftily poised in the

ether capacious

Strongly resembling a

gem carbonaceous

Scintillate, scintillate

globule

aurific

Fair would I fathom

thy nature specificSlide11

Why paraphrase?

Your ability to restate ideas in your words shows you understand the subject matter.

You also demonstrate how your own ideas relate to and build on the ideas of other scholars.Slide12

Paraphrasing is really about:

Understanding a passage

Internalizing the meaning of the text

Restating the important points in your own voiceSlide13

Characteristics of a good paraphraseSlide14

1

May be longer, shorter, or as long as the original selection.

Length is not a consideration for as long as the paraphrase simplifies and explains the full meaning of a selectionSlide15

2

Maintains the tone of the original passage.

The rewording remains faithful to the attitude of the writer.Slide16

3

Uses simple vocabulary

The syntax (or sentence structure and order) is also simple. The expression and flow of thought comes across as clear.Slide17

4

Wording must be different from the original passage as much as possible.

Challenge of paraphrasing is:

To be different but the same!Slide18

5

Must not contain information that is not in the original, but must not leave out important ideas found in the original

Not a tool for writer’s self expressionSlide19

How to paraphraseSlide20

How to Paraphrase

Read the source carefully. It is essential that you understand it fully.

Identify the main point(s) and key words.

Try the “look away” approach.Slide21

TECHNIQUES FOR PARAPHRASING

Note: An effective paraphrase includes more than one of these techniques. If you use only one of these techniques when paraphrasing, you have not paraphrased effectively.Slide22

1. Change a word from one part of speech to another

Original:

Medical professor John Swanson says that global changes are influencing the spread of disease.

Paraphrase:

According to John Swanson

,

a professor of medicine, changes across the globe are causing diseases to spread (James, 2004).Slide23

2. Use Synonyms

Original:

The U.S. government declared that the AIDS crisis poses a national security threat. The announcement followed an intelligence report that found high rates of HIV infection could lead to widespread political destabilization.

Paraphrase:

The government of the United States announced that AIDS could harm the nation's security. The government warned the population after an important governmental study concluded that political problems may arise from large numbers of people infected with HIV (Snell, 2005).Slide24

3. Change numbers and percentages to different forms.

Original:

Minority groups in the United States have been hit hardest by the epidemic. African Americans, who make up 13 percent of the U.S. population, accounted for 46 percent of the AIDS cases diagnosed in 1998.

Paraphrase:

The AIDS epidemic has mostly affected minorities in the United States. For example, in 1998, less than 15 percent of the total population was African, but almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS in the United States that year were African America (Jenson, 2000).Slide25

4.

Change word order (e.g., change from active to passive voice and move modifiers to different positions.

Original:

Angier (2001) reported that malaria kills more than one million people annually, the overwhelming majority of them children in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Paraphrase:

Every year, more than a million people are killed by malaria, and most of the victims are

children who live in sub‐Saharan Africa (Angier, as cited in Lee, 2004).Slide26

5.

Use different definition structures.

Original:

Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by a bacterium transmitted by ticks (small bloodsucking arachnids that attach themselves to larger animals). The disease is usually characterized by a rash followed by flu‐like symptoms, including fever, joint pain, and headache

.

Paraphrase:

Lyme disease‐a disease that causes swelling and redness‐is caused by a bacterium carried by a small arachnid known as a tick. The ticks attach to and suck the blood of animals and humans, transferring some of the Lyme disease bacteria into their hosts and causing symptoms similar to the flu (Wald, 2005).Slide27

6.

Use different attribution signals.

Original:

“That’s because there are so many different ways the diseases could have arrived,” veterinarian Mark Walters declared in his recent book, Six Modern Plagues.

Paraphrase:

According to Mark Walters, a veterinarian who wrote Six Modern Plagues, the disease could have arrived in numerous ways (Peterson, 2004).Slide28

7.

Change the sentence structure, and use different connecting words

Original:

Although only about one‐tenth of the world’s population lives there, sub‐Saharan Africa remains the hardest hit region, accounting for 72 percent of the people infected with HIV during 2000.

Paraphrase:

Approximately 10 percent of the world’s population resides in sub‐Saharan Africa. However, this area of the world has the highest percentage of AIDS‐related illnesses. In fact, in 2000, almost three-fourths of the population had the HIV virus (Bunting, 2004).Slide29

8.

Do not change key terms or

proper nouns.

Original:

In the

northeastern

United States, people are building homes on the edge of woods, where ticks that carry Lyme disease hitch rides on deer. In addition, in Africa, hunters bring back the meat of animals that scientists think may transmit Ebola, a usually fatal disease that causes massive

hemorrhaging

in its victims.

Paraphrase:

In the United States, residential areas are being built near wooded areas in the northeast. These areas are also the homes of ticks carrying Lyme disease. Also, according to scientists, hunters in Africa kill animals that may carry the Ebola virus (an often fatal virus that causes massive

hemorrhaging

) (

Yaya

, 2004).Slide30

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES

FOR SELF-STUDYSlide31

Original

Plagiarism

Paraphrasing

Because of their unique perspective, Americans fear globalization less than anyone else, and as a consequence they think about it less than anyone else. When Americans do think about globalization, they think of the global economy as an enlarged version of the American economy

.

(Source:

Thurow

, L. (1993). Fortune

Favors

the Bold (p. 6). New York: Harper Collins.)

According to Lester

Thurow

(1993) Americans 

fear globalization less 

than people from other countries and 

as a consequence

 spend less time 

thinking about it

. Indeed, Americans see globalization 

as an enlarged version of

 their own economy. 

Lester

Thurow

(1993) maintains that because Americans see globalization simply as a bigger form of their own economy, they are less concerned about it than is the rest of the world.Slide32

Why is this acceptable?

The writer has kept the meaning of the original passage without copying words or structure.

Words like 

globalization

 and 

Americans

 are generic terms (i.e., terms that are commonly used for the concept they illustrate - it is difficult to find synonyms for them). Thus you may use these words without placing them in quotation marks.Slide33

Original

Acceptable

Paraphrase 1

Acceptable

Paraphrase 2

Like drought, excess rainfall and flooding can also contribute to epidemics of waterborne infectious diseases, in this case due to poor sanitation resulting from runoff from overwhelmed sewage lines or the contamination of water by livestock

.

(Source: 

Shuman, E., M.D. (2010, March 25). Global climate change and infectious diseases.  New England Journal of Medicine; 362, 12, 1061-1063. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Used

Synonyms

An

overabundance of 

rainfall can also 

be a factor in spreading

 infectious

diseases

carried

by 

water, usually as a result

of

overflowing

sewers

 and 

pollution from farm animals

 (Shuman, 2010).

Changed Sentence

Structure

When

 there is an overabundance of rainfall, 

two situations can occur

: sewers can overflow and water can become polluted by the presence of livestock, 

both of which can lead to 

outbreaks of waterborne diseases (Shuman, 2010).Slide34

Original

Acceptable Paraphrase

Current political and economic incentives

favor

industry and other interest groups at the expense of health: consider the subsidies paid for corn-based agriculture and mass-produced processed foods, the tobacco revenue generated in countries with a government-owned tobacco industry, industrial growth in the face of environmental pollution, and the spread of the sedentary automobile-and-television culture

.

(

Source: 

Venkat

Narayan

, K.M., Ali, M.K., and

Koplan

, J.  (2010, September 23).  Global

noncommunicable

diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Changed Voice and Changed Parts of

Speech

Researchers point out that in attempting to implement economic growth, industry is often

favored

over health: government may subsidize certain forms of agriculture and food production, contribute to tobacco consumption in nations where it owns the industry and otherwise promote growth of industries that pollute. (

Venkat

Narayan

et. al, 2011).Slide35

Original

Acceptable Paraphrase: Changed Clause to Phrase

The prevalence and impact of non-communicable diseases continue to grow.  Chronic diseases account for 60% of all deaths worldwide, and 80% of these deaths occur in low-or middle-income countries, where the toll is disproportionate during the prime productive years of youth and middle age

.

(

Source: 

Venkat

Narayan

, K.M., , Ali, M.K., and

Koplan

, J.  (2010, September 23).  Global

noncomunicable

diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

The increasing spread of non-communicable diseases 

can be seen in figures that show these diseases are responsible for 60% of all deaths on the planet, and that in countries where the population is primarily of low or middle income, the impact is greatest, often focusing on those who are young or middle-aged (

Venkat

Narayan

et. al, 2011).Slide36

Original

Acceptable Paraphrase #1

Acceptable Paraphrase #2

We do not yet understand all the ways in which brain chemicals are related to emotions and thoughts, but the salient point is that our state of mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body

.

(

Source: Siegel, B. (1986).

Love, Medicine and Miracles (p. 69). New York: Harper and Row.

)

Siegel (1986) writes that although the relationship between brain chemistry and thoughts and feelings is not fully understood, we do know that our psychological state affects our physical state. 

What

did the writer do?

Used synonyms

Changed sentence structure

Changed voice

Cited source

Words like 

brain

 are generic and do not need to be changed.

Siegel (1986) writes that the relationship between the chemicals in the brain and our thoughts and feelings remains only partially understood. He goes on to say, however, that one thing is clear: our mental state affects our bodily state. 

What

did the writer do?

Used synonyms

Changed the sentence structure (use two sentences instead of one)

Changed voice

Changed parts of speech

Cited source

Words

like

brain

and

chemicals

 are generic and do not need to be changed.Slide37

Original

Unacceptable Paraphrase #1

Unacceptable Paraphrase #2

We do not yet understand all the ways in which brain chemicals are related to emotions and thoughts, but the salient point is that our state of mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body. 

(Source: Siegel, B. (1986).

Love, Medicine and Miracles (p. 69). New York: Harper and Row.)

Siegel (1986) writes that

 we

 still 

do not

 know

 all the ways in which 

brain chemistry is 

related to emotions and thoughts, but the 

important 

point is that

our

mental

state 

has an immediate and direct effect 

on our physical state. 

Why

is this unacceptable?

The writer has kept the same exact sentence structure

The writer had only substituted synonyms in certain places; in others the wording is exactly the same as that of the original

.

According to Siegel (1986), our mind affects our body quickly and directly, although 

we do not yet understand

 every aspect

of

how

brain chemicals relate to emotions and thoughts.

Why

is this unacceptable?

Although the writer has changed the structure of the sentence, key phrases have been taken directly from the original.

Even though the writer mentions the original source in the introductory phrase, the result is 

plagiarism

.Slide38

Homework

Read the original text in the next slide, then

evaluate

the acceptability of the three

paraphrase versions that follow. Slide39

SUBMIT next meeting (October 6-8).

Write answer in a one half yellow paper crosswise. Use this format:

Acceptable

or Unacceptable?

Reason

Paraphrase A

Paraphrase B

Paraphrase CSlide40

ORIGINAL TEXT

“

Deterritorialization

(displacement, dislocation or “not being home”) is what one feels when one becomes cognizant or his/her not being of the acceptable mold, of his/her not having an identity (i.e., ‘all-America’) which is reserved only for white Americans of European origins in spite of the rhetoric of American democracy and pluralism.

Deterritorialization

accompanies the realization that a non-white can never ‘feel at home’ in the US unless he/she accepts the hegemonic culture’s repressive and oppressive processes as it tries to erase differences

.”

(Excerpt from

Short Circuit: Expatriate Themes in Philippine Poetry in English

) by Jose Wendell P.

Capili

as cited in

Figuera

-Lucero and

Moya-Torrecampo

, 1999)Slide41

A

Deterritorialization

(displacement, dislocation or ‘not being home’) is what someone feels when someone becomes aware of his or her not being of the acceptable shape, of his or her not having a name (i.e. ‘all-American’) which is reserved only for fair Americans of European roots in spite of the beauty of American rule of the people and multiplicity.

Deterritorialization

accompanies the insight that a black can never ‘feel at home’ in the US unless he or she accepts the dominant culture’s suppressive and unfair processes as it tries to blot out dissimilarities.Slide42

B

When a person feels displaced, dislocated or ‘not home,’ s/he feels

deterritorialized

.

Deterritorialization

is the word used to define the feeling of being out of place.

Deterritorialization

happens when a person becomes aware of his/her being different from the acceptable ‘all-American’ image and of his/her not having an ‘all-American’ identity. Even if there is a general belief in (but not necessarily practice of) equality in an American democratic society which is made up of people of different races and nationalities, the all-American identity and physical or cultural indicators of these are reserved only for white Americans whose families trace their roots to European origins.

Deterritorialization

, or the sense of losing or having no place in one’s society, is felt when one realizes that a person with no European-American parentage can never feel s/he is a part of the US society. He/she realizes that s/he will continue to feel out of place unless s/he accepts the subduing and dominating ways through which the more powerful culture tries to remove cultural difference.Slide43

C

Displacement, dislocation or not being home is what we might feel when we accept our not being

molded

like Americans (that is, ‘all-American’ looks such as being blonde, blue-eyed, fair-skinned, and tall), which is only for white Americans of European origins in spite of the lie that America is a free and pluralistic society. Displacement comes side by side with the awareness that members of the Negroid or Mongoloid race can never feel at home in the US unless we accept the more dominant culture’s unhealthy and inhumane processes as it tries to erase other races different from it from the face of the earth.Slide44

References:

Avoiding Plagiarism – Paraphrasing. (

n.d

.) Retrieved August 19, 2013, from

http://integrity.mit.edu/academic-writing/avoiding-plagiarism-paraphrasing

Integrating Sources. Techniques for Paraphrasing. (2009). Retrieved from learningcommons.sfu.ca.

Principles of Paraphrasing: How to Avoid Inadvertent Plagiarism in Three Easy Modules. (

n.d

.) Retrieved August 19, 2013, from

http://gseacademic.harvard.edu/~instruct/gutman_library/paraphrasing/module1/player.html

Paraphrase. (2010). In

Merriam-Webster online Dictionary

. Retrieved August 19, 2013, from

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paraphrase

Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Quoting. (

n.d

.) Retrieved August 19, 2013, from

https://student.unsw.edu.au/paraphrasing-summarising-and-quoting

Figueras

-Lucero, A.A. and

Moya-Torrecampo

, R. (1999).

Communication Skills 1

. UP Open University:

Diliman

, Quezon City