13501600 Chapter 15 Page 287 in the textbook Introduction The Renaissance was a a time of creativity interest in learning and a desire to explore the human experience Sparked by renewed interest in the culture of ancient ID: 297250
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Slide1
The Renaissance in Europe1350-1600
Chapter 15Page 287 in the textbookSlide2
IntroductionThe Renaissance was a a time of
creativity, interest in learning, and a desire to explore the human experience.
Sparked by renewed interest in the culture of ancient
Rome
, the Renaissance began in the independent and prosperous
cities
of Italy.
At the heart of the Renaissance was a set of ideas known as
humanism
. Slide3
Lesson 1: The Italian StatesSlide4
Bellringer
The city of Florence was known for its wealth, its beauty, and creative geniuses
that worked there.
Discuss with your partner:
What cities today are known as centers of arts and literature?
Why do many artists and writers move to cities?Slide5
Guiding Question: Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? Slide6
1. Renewed interest in Ancient Rome
The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. Because Italy had been the center of the Roman Empire, it was the logical place for the rebirth to begin.
Architectural remains, statues, coins, and inscriptions, were all visible reminders of Roman achievement. Slide7
2. Cities
Italy’s cities survived the Middle AgesIn the north, city-states like Florence, Milan
,
Venice
and
Genoa
grew into centers of trade and manufacturing.
Rome
and
Naples
, along with a number of smaller city states, also contributed to the cultural revival.
Thriving cities meant
opportunities
for education, scientific pursuits, and even…arts and leisure.
Slide8
City States of Renaissance Italy Slide9
Florence, perhaps more than any other city, came to symbolize the energy and brilliance of the Italian Renaissance. Slide10
Florence
Like the ancient city of Athens, Florence produced a dazzling number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists in a short span of time. Slide11
Venice is a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by
canals and linked by bridges
Venice Slide12
Satellite image of Venice, circa 2009. Slide13
Venice
Gondoliers, the Rialto bridge and the Grand Canal
Venice was a very important center of
commerce
(especially silk, grain, and spice) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. Slide14
Merchants of VeniceSlide15
St Mark's BasilicaSlide16
3. Patronage
A wealthy and powerful merchant class in these city-states further promoted cultural rebirth.A merchant is a businessperson who
trades
in
commodities produced by others, in order to earn a
profit
.
What kinds of commodities do you think merchants were dealing in the Renaissance? Slide17
The Merchant
Hans Holbein the younger(German)
Date
:
1532Slide18
Merchants
Many Renaissance merchants were very wealthy.They held political power as well.Their attitudes and interests helped shape the Renaissance.They stressed education and individual achievement.
They also spent lavishly to support the arts.
This is what we refer to as
patronage Slide19
Bellringer
1. Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? 2. What
role did merchants play in the Renaissance?
*Discuss with a partner, prepare to present your response to the class. Slide20
The Medicis
In the 1400’s, the Medici family of Florence organized a successful
banking business
.
Before long, the family expanded into wool manufacturing, mining, and other ventures.
The
Medicis
ranked among the wealthiest merchants and bankers in Europe.Slide21
The Medicis
Cosimo de Medici gained control over the Florentine government in 1434, and the family continuted as
uncrowned
rulers of the city for many years.
The coat of arms of the
Medici family
Cosimo
de MediciSlide22
Lorenzo de Medici
Cosimo’s
grandson
Lorenzo de Medici
, known as “the magnificent”, represented the Renaissance ideal.
Generous
patron
of the artsSlide23
Under Lorenzo, poets and philosophers frequently visited the Medici Palace.
Artists learned their craft by sketching ancient Roman statues displayed in the Medici gardens. Slide24
Medici Palace
The palace was designed by
Michelozzo
di
Bartolomeo
for
Cosimo
de Medici, and was built between 1445 and 1460. It was well known for its stone masonry.
What stands out to you about the architectural design of this building?
What do you think is contained inside?Slide25
The fifteen-year-old boy of noble birth, Galeazzo
Maria Sforza, was entertained in Florence in April 1459, and left a letter describing the Medici Palace
“…Decorated on every side with gold and fine marbles, with carvings and sculptures in relief, with pictures and inlays done in perspective by the most accomplished and perfect of masters even in the very benches and floors of the house; tapestries and household ornaments of gold and silk, silverware and bookcases that are endless... then a garden done in the finest of polished marbles, with diverse plants, which seems a thing not natural but painted."Slide26
Palace
InteriorsSlide27
What was the Renaissance?Slide28
1. A New World View
Unlike medieval scholars who focused on life after death, Renaissance thinkers explored the richness of the “here and now”.
They were
humanists
.
New emphasis on
individual achievement
.
The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in
many fields
. Slide29
Humanists studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, science, philosophy, architecture and a variety of other fields.Leonardo
Da Vinci was seen by those around him as a model of the humanist ideal.
HumanismSlide30
2. HumanismHumanists believed that it was love of learning that made men and women truly human. One phrased it this way:
“To each species of creature has been allotted a particular and instructive gift. Galloping comes naturally to horses, flying to birds. To man only is given the desire to learn…..For learning and virtue are particular to man.”Slide31
Review Questions From This Week
What were the conditions that were present in Italy in the late 14c and early 15c that encouraged the beginning of the Renaissance? Why was Florence at the heart of the Italian Renaissance? What role did the Medici family play in Renaissance Florence?
What were the characteristics of
humanism
? How was it different from medieval thought?Slide32
3. A Spirit of Adventure
The Renaissance supported a spirit of adventure and a curiosity that led people to explore new worlds. Christopher Columbus, Italian navigator who sailed to the Americas in 1492, represented that spirit.
So did
Nicolaus
Copernicus,
a Polish scientist who revolutionized the way that people viewed the universe.
Writers such as
William Shakespeare
were eager to experiment with new forms, and were also products of that adventurous spirit. Slide33
Medieval World MapsSlide34
Renaissance Era World MapSlide35
4. A Golden Age in the Arts
Renaissance ideas were most gloriously expressed in its
paintings
,
sculpture
, and
architecture
.
Wealthy patrons played a major role in this artistic growth.
Popes, Princes, and wealthy merchants supported the work of hundreds of artists. Slide36
New Techniques
Roman sculpture had been very realistic, but painting still lacked depth. Renaissance artists learned the rules of perspective
. Slide37
Perspective
By making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer, artists could paint scenes that appeared three-dimensional.
This technique is called
foreshortening
. Slide38
Medieval Art
Medieval art lacked the depth and realism that Renaissance was about to achieve. Slide39
Early attempt at Perspective (fail!)
This 15th century French painting is clearly a general attempt at
foreshortening
, but it was unsuccessful. Slide40
Perspective
To add three-dimensional depth and space to their work, Renaissance artists rediscovered and greatly expanded on three important ideas:1. linear perspective2. horizon line
3. vanishing pointSlide41
Linear Perspective
Creating a painting with linear perspective is like looking through a window and painting exactly what you see on the window pane.
Instead of every object in the picture being the same size, objects that were
further away
would be
smaller
, while those
closer
to you would be
larger
.Slide42
Horizon Line
The horizon line is a theoretical line that represents the
eye level of the observer
.
The horizon line is the same as the horizon (the edge of the land against the sky) only on a large flat plane like the ocean.
Most of the time geographic features (hills) and other objects (trees and buildings) make the horizon above the horizon line.Slide43
Vanishing Point
The vanishing point is the point at which parallel lines appear to converge far in the distance, often on the horizon line. This is the effect you can see when standing on railroad tracks and looking at the tracks recede into the distance.Slide44
Bellringer
What new techniques were developed in Renaissance painting? What effect did these techniques have on Renaissance art? Slide45
Examples of Renaissance Perspective
Masolino, ‘St. Peter Healing a Cripple and the Raising of Tabitha’ (1425).Slide46
‘The Disputation of St Stephen’ by Carpaccio (1514)Slide47
‘The School of Athens’ by Raphael (1518) Slide48
Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art
Renaissance Florence was home to many outstanding painters and sculptors.
The three most celebrated Florentine masters were
Leonardo
Da
Vinci
,
Michelangelo
,
and
Raphael
. Slide49
Leonardo
Born in 1452, FlorenceExploring mind and endless curiosityGenius for inventionMade endless sketches from nature and from his mindDissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles workSlide50
LeonardoLeonardo saw himself as an artist, but his talents ranged over many areas.
His interests extended to botany, anatomy,
optics
,
music
,
architecture
, and
engineering
.
He made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats centuries before the first airplane or submarine was actually built. Slide51Slide52
Leonardo’s SketchesSlide53
The Genius of LeonardoPrimary Source
“Leonardo practiced not one art but all of those that are dependent upon design, and he had great talent for geometry besides being very musical, playing the lute with great ability and being excellent in the art of improvisation….In entertaining, Leonardo was so pleasant that he won everyone’s heart. Although he may well be said to have owned nothing and to have worked little, he always kept a servant as well as horses.”
-
Georgio
Vasari, Lives of the Most Eminent Italian Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.
Question: Why is Leonardo considered to be a prime example of a Renaissance Humanist? Slide54
Leonardo
Today, people admire Leonardo’s paintings for their freshness and realism.Most popular is the Mona Lisa, a portrait of a woman whose mysterious smile has baffled viewers for centuries.
The Last Supper
, showing Christ and his apostles on the night before the crucifixion, is both a moving religious painting and a masterpiece of perspective. Slide55
Mona LisaSlide56
The Last SupperSlide57
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Michelangelo was also a many-sided genius – sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet.
As a young man, he shaped marble into masterpieces
The
Pieta
, which captures the sorrow of Mary cradling the dead Christ on her knees
Statue of
David
, the biblical shepherd who killed the giant Goliath, recalls the harmony and grace of the ancient Greek tradition. Slide58
Pieta
David
Michelangelo MarblesSlide59
Sistine Ceiling
One of Michelangelo’s greatest projects was painting a huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.An enormous task depicting the biblical history of the world, from the Creation to the Flood. Slide60
Primary Source
In a poem, Michelangelo later described his experience painting the ceiling:
“My Stomach is thrust toward my chin
My beard curls up toward the sky
My head leans right over onto my back
The Brush endlessly dripping onto my face”
-Michelangelo,
Poems
. Slide61
Sistine Ceiling
For four years, the artist lay on his back on a wooden platform suspended just a few inches below the chapel ceiling. Slide62
Rafael (1483 – 1520)
A few years younger than Leonardo and Michelangelo, Rafael studied the works of those great masters
His paintings blend Christian and classical styles.
In
The School of Athens
, Rafael pictures an imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists, such as Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates.
With typical Renaissance self-confidence, Rafael included the faces of Michelangelo, Leonardo, and – himself. Slide63
Raphael The Marriage of the Virgin (1504)
Excellent example of linear perspective! Slide64
Jan Van Eyck
Arnolfini Wedding Portrait (1434)Slide65
The inscription on the back wall translates “Jan Van Eyck was here, 1434” suggests that the artist was a witness to the wedding
The spotless mirror on the back wall alludes to purity, and the reflection of two other individuals in the room (including the painter) infers that witnesses are presentSlide66
Italian Renaissance Writers
Poets, artists, and scholars mingled with politicians at the courts of Renaissance rulers.Some writers wrote in
vernacular
, the local spoken language.
Replaced classical Latin as the predominant written language.
What effect do you think vernacular literature had on Renaissance society? Slide67
Machiavelli (1469-1527)
Published in 1513,
The Prince
offered a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain
power
.
Urged rulers to do whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals.
On the issue of honesty in government, for example, he taught that getting results was more important than keeping promises. Slide68
Machiavelli Quotes
“The end justifies the means” “It is much safer to be feared than loved”Slide69
Primary Source
“How praiseworthy it is for a prince to keep his word and live with integrity rather than craftiness, everyone understands; yet….those princes have accomplished most who paid little heed to keeping their promises, but to who knew how craftily to manipulate the minds of men.”
Machiavelli –
The PrinceSlide70
Discussion
Machiavelli’s work continues to spark debate because it raises important ethical questions about the nature of government and the use of power.
Discussion Question:
Do you agree with Machiavelli that a
productive
government is more important than an
honest
government?