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Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children

Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children - PowerPoint Presentation

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Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children - PPT Presentation

Connecting Research Janice McGhee and Lorraine Waterhouse June 2016 Violence women and children United Nations global comprehensive mapping of violence towards children in the home family schools and educational settings care and justice systems work setting communities Pinheir ID: 653451

child children research data children child data research protection 2015 scotland risk maltreatment administrative social years linkage 2013 violence

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Slide1

Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children

Connecting Research

Janice

McGhee and Lorraine Waterhouse

June

2016Slide2

Violence: women and children

United Nations – global comprehensive mapping of violence towards children in the home, family, schools and educational settings, care and justice systems, work setting, communities (Pinheiro 2006) and as targets in conditions of armed conflict and political violence (Machel 1996).

United Nations

– global problems of conflict and

instability,

inequality and violent crime –

significant

consequences for women

(

Ki- 2013 moon).Slide3

Social Work Research in Child Protection - UK

Single Case Studies

Public Inquiries

Case series studies

Cohort studies

Small-scale ethnographies or interview based studies

Gap – how best to intervene (Arney

et al.

2015)

Limited research on long-term impact of social work intervention (Henderson

et al.

2014

)

Lack of

research on the effectiveness of

service-as-usual

especially the every-day practice embodied in multi-agency intervention that is central to the policy and practice context in

ScotlandSlide4

Need for stocktaking in social research on child protection (Arney

et al.

2015)?

Expanding the scale of social work research in child protection – a place for advancing technologies?

What is the additional value data-linkage brings including opportunities to link across multiple sectors?

What types of research have been undertaken using administrative data?Slide5

Routinely collected administrative data

Administrative data (information routinely collected on large populations for administrative purposes - education, criminal justice, health, housing, DWP - benefits……

In last 20 years - exponential growth of these large, machine-readable administrative datasets capable of being linked across local and national government and other sectors (including 3

rd

sector)

Increasingly accessible to academic and policy researchers

Data (record) linkage is ‘the bringing together of information from two records [or more] that are believed to relate to the same entity’ (Herzog

et al

2007: 81).

2 types of linkage

Deterministic linkage

- can get 100% linkage if there is a common, unique identifier

Probabilistic

(via demographic data)

Slide6

Added value?

Access to large population samples

Longitudinal analysis – retrospective and prospective cohorts

Linking across sectors

(Birth, early years, education, health, adult outcomes, pathways through services)

Cumulative risks – temporal ordering

Intergenerational linkage

Generation of data on the population of children unreported to child protection services but holding similar risk profiles

Capturing Rare Events

Policy impacts

International and cross-UK comparative research? Slide7

Health record linkage

(linked via CHI in Scotland)

Gonzalez

-Izquierdo

et al.

(2014

)

Cross-UK analysis – policy impact

Trend analysis of all unplanned injury admissions 2004-2011 between England and Scotland (NHS hospitals)

Incidence trends for maltreatment and violence-related (MVR) injury (adjusted for seasonal effects and secular trends in non-MVR injury)

Infants, 1-10 years, 11-18 years

Both countries similar increased rates for infants

1-10 years – increase in England – decline in Scotland

11-18 years – decline in both countries – steeper in Scotland

Real changes in incidence of MVR injury? Changes in recording or response? Impact of diverging policy?

Slide8

Linking children’s data to other data sets

O

Donnell

et

al.

(2009)

Western

Australia

Health

and child protection data bases for all live births over a 25 year period linked – prospective information on health risks over time including prevalence of neo-natal withdrawal

system

Putnam-Hornstein

et al. (2013)

, USA

Maternal birth records and child protection datasets for 1996-2006 linked for state of California (USA) - racial and ethnic disparities in child protection

involvement

Controlling for socio-economic and health

status

black children in lower socioeconomic groups were less likely to be referred to child protection

services, had a lower

risk of substantiation and entry to foster care than similarly socio-economically placed white

children

Slide9

Current

project using Scottish data:

Placement Stability

Analysis of the longitudinal sequences of the placements

for looked

after children in Scotland

Compare annual sequences of placements over seven years of data, from year 2008/09 to 2014/15 for children of all ages

Pseudo cohort of children born within the reporting period of the 2008/09 data and follow the trajectory of this cohort over seven years

Examine effect

of the above on children’s school attendance and school exclusion rates

(Chris Playford,

Janice McGhee, Chris Dibben, Brigid Daniel, Julie Taylor)

Title, Name, Date

9Slide10

Child Welfare Inequalities

Variations in intervention rates in child welfare significantly associated with poverty – majority of children looked after have backgrounds of social and economic

deprivation

Lack of systematic studies

Coventry Study systematic study of all ‘children in need’ – includes children with child protection plans and those looked after by local

authorities

In 13 local authorities in English West Midlands

Linked to IMD scores – neighbourhood statistics on

deprivation

Sorted by national deprivation rank – least/most deprived areas in England

Systematic variation by deprivation (see

Bywaters 2015)

Cross-UK study

led by Paul Bywaters underway

http

://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/inequalities-child-welfare-intervention-ratesSlide11

Key Finding 1: Very large inequalities in rates

www.coventry.ac.uk/child-welfare-inequalities

- from Bywaters presentation to SGSS Summer School June 2015Slide12

Spatial analysis

Geographical mapping – examine community level

factors that might

affect child abuse and neglect

Increases in off-premises alcohol outlets were associated with increased rates of child maltreatment (Freisthler

et al.

2007).

Exploring the impact of drug

market activities

placing

children at risk of maltreatment over space and

time (Freisthler

et al

. 2012)Slide13

Prediction?

Vaithianathan

et al

2013 - New Zealand developed a Predictive Risk Modelling (PRM) approach with administrative data to generate a ‘risk score’ for the probability of a maltreatment finding for children at the start of a recorded period on welfare benefit systems - supports the need for early intervention.

Proposal to use for operational cf.

research purposes

- offer services to children at future risk and their families

.

Targeting vs Universal

Ethical Analysis (Dare 2015).Slide14

ESRC Big Data Network

Four Administrative Data Research Centres (Scotland, England, Wales, Northern Ireland) and

Administrative Data Service (ADS) – UK point of entry to access data effectively available through ADRCs

Sharing knowledge and experience of administrative datasets (provided by liaison with the ADRCs)

Training of researchers so approved to access data through ADRCs

http://adrn.ac.uk

ADRC-Scotland - commissioning and undertaking linkage of data from government departments

Privacy approval process

Organise linking of de-identified data via a trusted third party (eDris)

Secure technologies and facilities - safe havens for data analysis

Original research to enhance knowledge and experience of datasets – feasibility and quality for future research

https

://

adrn.ac.uk/about/research-centre-scotland

Slide15

References

Arney, F. Bromfield, L. and McDougall

,

S. (2015) Research in Child Protection: An Australian Perspective, In Waterhouse, L. and McGhee, J. (2015)

Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children

. London: Jessica Kingsley Press.

Bywaters

, P. (

2015) Inequalities in child welfare: Towards a new policy, research and action agenda,

British Journal of Social Work

, 45(1) 6-23.

Dare

, T. (2015) The Ethics of Predictive Risk Modelling In; Waterhouse, L. and McGhee, J. (2015)

Challenging Child Protection. New Directions In Safeguarding Children

. London: Jessica Kingsley Press

.

Freisthler, B., Gruenewald, P.J., Remer, L.G., Lery, B. & Needell, B. (2007). Exploring the spatial dynamics of alcohol outlets and Child Protective Services referrals, substantiations, and foster care entries. Child Maltreatment, 12, 114-124

.

Fresithler, B., Kepple, NJ, Holmes MR (2012) The Geography of Drug Market Activities and Child Maltreatment, Child Maltreatment 17: 144-152.Gonzalez-Izquierdo, A., Cortina-Borja, M, Woodman, J., Mok, J., McGhee, J., Taylor, J., Parkin, C. and Gilbert, R. (2014) Maltreatment or violence-related injury in children and adolescents admitted to the NHS: comparison of trends in England and Scotland between 2005 and 2011,

BMJ Open

2014;4:e004474 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004474

Henderson

,

M.

Scourfield

, J., Cheung

, Sin

Yi, Sharland, E. and Sloa, L. (2015)

The Effects of Social Service Contact on Teenagers in

England, Research

on Social Work Practice, first published

November

5, 2014 doi:10.1177/1049731514557363

Lutman

, E & Farmer, E (2013),

What contributes to outcomes for neglected children who are reunified with their parents?: Findings from a five year follow-up study.

British Journal of Social Work

.

43 (3): 559-578

.

Machel, G. (1996) Report of Graça Machel. Expert of the Secretary-general of the United Nations. Impact of Armed Conflict on Children, United Nations, Unicef,

http://www.unicef.org/graca

/

O'Donnell, M., Nassar, N., Leonard, H., Hagan, R., Mathews, R., Patterson, Y., Stanley, F. (2009) Increasing Prevalence of Neonatal Withdrawal Syndrome: Population study of Maternal Factors and Child Protection Involvement,

Pediatrics

, 123, e614-e621.

Pinheiro

, P.S. (2006) United Nations World Report on Violence Against Children. United Nations Secretary-General’s Study on Violence against Children.

http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/

reports.html

Putnam-Hornstein, E., Needell, B., King, B. & Johnson-Motoyama, M. (2013). Racial and Ethnic Disparities: A Population-Based Examination of Risk Factors for Involvement with Child Protective Services, 

Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(1-3)

, 33-46

.

Vaithianathan, R., Maloney, T., Putnam-Hornstein, E., & Jiang, N. (2013). Children in the public benefit system at risk of maltreatment: Identification via predictive modeling.

American Journal of preventive medicine

,

45

(3), 354-359

.

Vaithianathan

, R., Maloney, T., Putnam-Hornstein, E., & Jiang, N. (2013). Children in the public benefit system at risk of maltreatment: Identification via predictive modeling.

American Journal of preventive medicine

,

45

(3), 354-359.

Jim Wade, Nicola Farrelly, Nina Biehal, Ian Sinclair

(2010)

Outcomes

for children placed for reasons of abuse or neglect: the consequences of staying in care or returning home

, Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF), Safeguarding Children Research

Initiative.

Waterhouse

, L. and McGhee, J. (2015)

Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children

. London: Jessica Kingsley Press