Connecting Research Janice McGhee and Lorraine Waterhouse June 2016 Violence women and children United Nations global comprehensive mapping of violence towards children in the home family schools and educational settings care and justice systems work setting communities Pinheir ID: 653451
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Slide1
Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children
Connecting Research
Janice
McGhee and Lorraine Waterhouse
June
2016Slide2
Violence: women and children
United Nations – global comprehensive mapping of violence towards children in the home, family, schools and educational settings, care and justice systems, work setting, communities (Pinheiro 2006) and as targets in conditions of armed conflict and political violence (Machel 1996).
United Nations
– global problems of conflict and
instability,
inequality and violent crime –
significant
consequences for women
(
Ki- 2013 moon).Slide3
Social Work Research in Child Protection - UK
Single Case Studies
Public Inquiries
Case series studies
Cohort studies
Small-scale ethnographies or interview based studies
Gap – how best to intervene (Arney
et al.
2015)
Limited research on long-term impact of social work intervention (Henderson
et al.
2014
)
Lack of
research on the effectiveness of
‘
service-as-usual
’
especially the every-day practice embodied in multi-agency intervention that is central to the policy and practice context in
ScotlandSlide4
Need for stocktaking in social research on child protection (Arney
et al.
2015)?
Expanding the scale of social work research in child protection – a place for advancing technologies?
What is the additional value data-linkage brings including opportunities to link across multiple sectors?
What types of research have been undertaken using administrative data?Slide5
Routinely collected administrative data
Administrative data (information routinely collected on large populations for administrative purposes - education, criminal justice, health, housing, DWP - benefits……
In last 20 years - exponential growth of these large, machine-readable administrative datasets capable of being linked across local and national government and other sectors (including 3
rd
sector)
Increasingly accessible to academic and policy researchers
Data (record) linkage is ‘the bringing together of information from two records [or more] that are believed to relate to the same entity’ (Herzog
et al
2007: 81).
2 types of linkage
Deterministic linkage
- can get 100% linkage if there is a common, unique identifier
Probabilistic
(via demographic data)
Slide6
Added value?
Access to large population samples
Longitudinal analysis – retrospective and prospective cohorts
Linking across sectors
(Birth, early years, education, health, adult outcomes, pathways through services)
Cumulative risks – temporal ordering
Intergenerational linkage
Generation of data on the population of children unreported to child protection services but holding similar risk profiles
Capturing Rare Events
Policy impacts
International and cross-UK comparative research? Slide7
Health record linkage
(linked via CHI in Scotland)
Gonzalez
-Izquierdo
et al.
(2014
)
Cross-UK analysis – policy impact
Trend analysis of all unplanned injury admissions 2004-2011 between England and Scotland (NHS hospitals)
Incidence trends for maltreatment and violence-related (MVR) injury (adjusted for seasonal effects and secular trends in non-MVR injury)
Infants, 1-10 years, 11-18 years
Both countries similar increased rates for infants
1-10 years – increase in England – decline in Scotland
11-18 years – decline in both countries – steeper in Scotland
Real changes in incidence of MVR injury? Changes in recording or response? Impact of diverging policy?
Slide8
Linking children’s data to other data sets
O
’
Donnell
et
al.
(2009)
Western
Australia
Health
and child protection data bases for all live births over a 25 year period linked – prospective information on health risks over time including prevalence of neo-natal withdrawal
system
Putnam-Hornstein
et al. (2013)
, USA
Maternal birth records and child protection datasets for 1996-2006 linked for state of California (USA) - racial and ethnic disparities in child protection
involvement
Controlling for socio-economic and health
status
black children in lower socioeconomic groups were less likely to be referred to child protection
services, had a lower
risk of substantiation and entry to foster care than similarly socio-economically placed white
children
Slide9
Current
project using Scottish data:
Placement Stability
Analysis of the longitudinal sequences of the placements
for looked
after children in Scotland
Compare annual sequences of placements over seven years of data, from year 2008/09 to 2014/15 for children of all ages
Pseudo cohort of children born within the reporting period of the 2008/09 data and follow the trajectory of this cohort over seven years
Examine effect
of the above on children’s school attendance and school exclusion rates
(Chris Playford,
Janice McGhee, Chris Dibben, Brigid Daniel, Julie Taylor)
Title, Name, Date
9Slide10
Child Welfare Inequalities
Variations in intervention rates in child welfare significantly associated with poverty – majority of children looked after have backgrounds of social and economic
deprivation
Lack of systematic studies
Coventry Study systematic study of all ‘children in need’ – includes children with child protection plans and those looked after by local
authorities
In 13 local authorities in English West Midlands
Linked to IMD scores – neighbourhood statistics on
deprivation
Sorted by national deprivation rank – least/most deprived areas in England
Systematic variation by deprivation (see
Bywaters 2015)
Cross-UK study
led by Paul Bywaters underway
http
://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/inequalities-child-welfare-intervention-ratesSlide11
Key Finding 1: Very large inequalities in rates
www.coventry.ac.uk/child-welfare-inequalities
- from Bywaters presentation to SGSS Summer School June 2015Slide12
Spatial analysis
Geographical mapping – examine community level
factors that might
affect child abuse and neglect
Increases in off-premises alcohol outlets were associated with increased rates of child maltreatment (Freisthler
et al.
2007).
Exploring the impact of drug
market activities
placing
children at risk of maltreatment over space and
time (Freisthler
et al
. 2012)Slide13
Prediction?
Vaithianathan
et al
2013 - New Zealand developed a Predictive Risk Modelling (PRM) approach with administrative data to generate a ‘risk score’ for the probability of a maltreatment finding for children at the start of a recorded period on welfare benefit systems - supports the need for early intervention.
Proposal to use for operational cf.
research purposes
- offer services to children at future risk and their families
.
Targeting vs Universal
Ethical Analysis (Dare 2015).Slide14
ESRC Big Data Network
Four Administrative Data Research Centres (Scotland, England, Wales, Northern Ireland) and
Administrative Data Service (ADS) – UK point of entry to access data effectively available through ADRCs
Sharing knowledge and experience of administrative datasets (provided by liaison with the ADRCs)
Training of researchers so approved to access data through ADRCs
http://adrn.ac.uk
ADRC-Scotland - commissioning and undertaking linkage of data from government departments
Privacy approval process
Organise linking of de-identified data via a trusted third party (eDris)
Secure technologies and facilities - safe havens for data analysis
Original research to enhance knowledge and experience of datasets – feasibility and quality for future research
https
://
adrn.ac.uk/about/research-centre-scotland
Slide15
References
Arney, F. Bromfield, L. and McDougall
,
S. (2015) Research in Child Protection: An Australian Perspective, In Waterhouse, L. and McGhee, J. (2015)
Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children
. London: Jessica Kingsley Press.
Bywaters
, P. (
2015) Inequalities in child welfare: Towards a new policy, research and action agenda,
British Journal of Social Work
, 45(1) 6-23.
Dare
, T. (2015) The Ethics of Predictive Risk Modelling In; Waterhouse, L. and McGhee, J. (2015)
Challenging Child Protection. New Directions In Safeguarding Children
. London: Jessica Kingsley Press
.
Freisthler, B., Gruenewald, P.J., Remer, L.G., Lery, B. & Needell, B. (2007). Exploring the spatial dynamics of alcohol outlets and Child Protective Services referrals, substantiations, and foster care entries. Child Maltreatment, 12, 114-124
.
Fresithler, B., Kepple, NJ, Holmes MR (2012) The Geography of Drug Market Activities and Child Maltreatment, Child Maltreatment 17: 144-152.Gonzalez-Izquierdo, A., Cortina-Borja, M, Woodman, J., Mok, J., McGhee, J., Taylor, J., Parkin, C. and Gilbert, R. (2014) Maltreatment or violence-related injury in children and adolescents admitted to the NHS: comparison of trends in England and Scotland between 2005 and 2011,
BMJ Open
2014;4:e004474 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004474
Henderson
,
M.
Scourfield
, J., Cheung
, Sin
Yi, Sharland, E. and Sloa, L. (2015)
The Effects of Social Service Contact on Teenagers in
England, Research
on Social Work Practice, first published
November
5, 2014 doi:10.1177/1049731514557363
Lutman
, E & Farmer, E (2013),
What contributes to outcomes for neglected children who are reunified with their parents?: Findings from a five year follow-up study.
British Journal of Social Work
.
43 (3): 559-578
.
Machel, G. (1996) Report of Graça Machel. Expert of the Secretary-general of the United Nations. Impact of Armed Conflict on Children, United Nations, Unicef,
http://www.unicef.org/graca
/
O'Donnell, M., Nassar, N., Leonard, H., Hagan, R., Mathews, R., Patterson, Y., Stanley, F. (2009) Increasing Prevalence of Neonatal Withdrawal Syndrome: Population study of Maternal Factors and Child Protection Involvement,
Pediatrics
, 123, e614-e621.
Pinheiro
, P.S. (2006) United Nations World Report on Violence Against Children. United Nations Secretary-General’s Study on Violence against Children.
http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/
reports.html
Putnam-Hornstein, E., Needell, B., King, B. & Johnson-Motoyama, M. (2013). Racial and Ethnic Disparities: A Population-Based Examination of Risk Factors for Involvement with Child Protective Services,
Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(1-3)
, 33-46
.
Vaithianathan, R., Maloney, T., Putnam-Hornstein, E., & Jiang, N. (2013). Children in the public benefit system at risk of maltreatment: Identification via predictive modeling.
American Journal of preventive medicine
,
45
(3), 354-359
.
Vaithianathan
, R., Maloney, T., Putnam-Hornstein, E., & Jiang, N. (2013). Children in the public benefit system at risk of maltreatment: Identification via predictive modeling.
American Journal of preventive medicine
,
45
(3), 354-359.
Jim Wade, Nicola Farrelly, Nina Biehal, Ian Sinclair
(2010)
Outcomes
for children placed for reasons of abuse or neglect: the consequences of staying in care or returning home
, Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF), Safeguarding Children Research
Initiative.
Waterhouse
, L. and McGhee, J. (2015)
Challenging Child Protection: New Directions in Safeguarding Children
. London: Jessica Kingsley Press