Alice F Short Hilliard Davidson High School Chapter Preview Psychodynamic Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Trait Perspectives Personological and Life Story Perspectives Social Cognitive Perspectives ID: 726824
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Slide1
PersonalityChapter 12
AP Psychology
Alice F. Short
Hilliard Davidson High SchoolSlide2
Chapter Preview
Psychodynamic Perspectives
Humanistic Perspectives
Trait Perspectives
Personological and Life Story Perspectives
Social Cognitive Perspectives
Biological Perspectives
Personality Assessment
Personality and Health and WellnessSlide3
Personality
personality
- a pattern of enduring distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the worldSlide4
Psychodynamic Perspectives
personality is primarily
unconscious
understanding personality involves exploring the
symbolic meanings
of behavior and the unconscious mind
early childhood experiences
sculpt the individual’s personalitySlide5
Psychodynamic Approach
: Freud
Known as the founding
father
of the
psychodynamic approach
Believed that there are unlearned biological instincts (especially of a sexual and/or aggressive nature) that can occur early in life and these instincts influence how a person thinks, feels, and behaves
Had a
couch
Slide6
Freud Quotes
“I cannot think of any need in childhood as strong as the need for a father's protection.”
“The great question that has never been answered, and which I have not yet been able to answer, despite my thirty years of research into the feminine soul, is 'What does a woman want?‘”
“Love and work are the cornerstones of our humanness.”
“The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind.”
“America is the most grandiose experiment the world has seen, but, I am afraid, it is not going to be a success.”
“Dreams are often most profound when they seem the most crazy.”
“I have found little that is 'good' about human beings on the whole. In my experience most of them are trash, no matter whether they publicly subscribe to this or that ethical doctrine or to none at all. That is something that you cannot say aloud, or perhaps even think.”
Men are more moral than they think and far more immoral than they can imagine.”Slide7
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud
and
Psychoanalysis
sex drive
– main determinant of personality development
Hysteria
physical symptoms without physical cause
overdetermined
– multiple unconscious causes
Iceberg Analogy of Human PersonalitySlide8
Freud
Personality StructureSlide9
Personality Structure
Id
instincts and reservoir of psychic energy
pleasure principle
Ego
deals with the demands of reality
reality principle
Superego
moral branch of personality; “conscience”Slide10
A SHORT ACTIVITY
Activity Handout 12.1
Rachel is walking to class and the late bell rang two minutes ago. As she walks into her class, she stumbles and her books go flying everywhere. Out of one of the books is a note to a boy that Rachel has secretly liked for a long time. The boy picks up the note and reads the top line and then hands it back to Rachel. She is so embarrassed.
Id:
Ego:
Superego: Slide11
A SHORT ACTIVITY
Activity Handout 12.1
Rachel is walking to class and the late bell rang two minutes ago. As she walks into her class, she stumbles and her books go flying everywhere. Out of one of the books is a note to a boy that Rachel has secretly liked for a long time. The boy picks up the note and reads the top line and then hands it back to Rachel. She is so embarrassed.
Id:
scream, runaway
Ego:
calmly collect belongings and proceed to class
Superego:
judge Rachel for being so foolishSlide12
A SHORT ACTIVITY
Activity Handout 12.1
Jake is going on his first date with a really popular girl. He still can’t believe that she agreed to go out with him. During the movie they are sitting so close that their legs are touching and he so badly wants to hold her hand and kiss her, but he isn’t sure how she would react. He takes a chance and does it and she looks at him and then gets up and walks out.
Id:
Ego:
Superego:Slide13
A SHORT ACTIVITY
Activity Handout 12.1
Jake is going on his first date with a really popular girl. He still can’t believe that she agreed to go out with him. During the movie they are sitting so close that their legs are touching and he so badly wants to hold her hand and kiss her, but he isn’t sure how she would react. He takes a chance and does it and she looks at him and then gets up and walks out.
Id: kiss her more
Ego: apologize to her
Superego: feel guilty
Slide14
A SHORT ACTIVITY
Activity Handout 12.1
Jessica is babysitting for the same family she baby sits for every Friday night. This Friday night, however, she invited her boyfriend over and they are snuggled on the couch, watching a movie. The parents come home early and find Jessica and her boyfriend wrapped in each others’ arms and sound asleep. They wake them up and are so upset because they felt as though Jessica was irresponsible. Jessica is really upset and not sure what to think or say.
Id:
Ego:
Superego:Slide15
A SHORT ACTIVITY
Activity Handout 12.1
Jessica is babysitting for the same family she baby sits for every Friday night. This Friday night, however, she invited her boyfriend over and they are snuggled on the couch, watching a movie. The parents come home early and find Jessica and her
boyfriendwrapped
in each others’ arms and sound asleep. They wake them up and are so upset because they felt as though Jessica was irresponsible. Jessica is really upset and not sure what to think or say.
Id: spend more time with boyfriend
Ego: apologize to the parents and promise not to do it again
Superego: feel guiltySlide16
A SHORT Time to Ponder
Small Group Discussion
Do you think that the iceberg analogy works well to describe your personality. Why?
Why do you think Freud came up with this personality structure with an id, ego and superego?
How much do you think your childhood experience will influence your adulthood?
How does Freud’s definition of sex differ from other people’s definitions? (reference textbook or notes)Slide17
A SHORT Task:
Explaining the
Id
, the
Ego
and the
Superego
Activity Handout 12.2
Think of your
three
closest friends. Write down their names in the space provided and then put a check next to the space of the personality trait that your friend has. They can have more than one personality trait. After completing every one, go back, and in the space provided briefly explain what this tells you about your friends.Name:Neuroticism: ____Extraversion: ____Openness to Experience: ____
Agreeableness: ____
Conscientiousness: ____
Explanation:
Pay special attention to this part! You will be discussing this with a neighbor and they will be evaluating how accurate you are.Slide18
Explaining the Id, the
Ego
and the
Superego
Activity Handout 12.2
Think of your
three
closest friends. Write down their names in the space provided and then put a check next to the space of the personality trait that your friend has. They can have more than one personality trait. After completing every one, go back, and in the space provided briefly explain what this tells you about your friends.
Name:
Neuroticism: ____
Extraversion: ____Openness to Experience: ____Agreeableness: ____Conscientiousness: ____Explanation:Slide19
Explaining the Id, the
Ego
and the
Superego
Activity Handout 12.1
Neuroticism:
anxious, insecure, self-pitying
Extraversion:
sociable, fun-loving, affectionate
Openness:
Imaginative, interested in variety, independentAgreeableness: softhearted, trusting, helpfulConscientiousness: organized, careful, disciplinedIN CLASS ACTIVITY: Trade and discuss with a neighbor to see if they successfully explained the characteristics. (Alternate between people)Slide20
Defense Mechanisms
conflict between the id, ego, and superego results in anxiety
defense mechanisms reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality – not necessarily unhealthy
repression
foundation for all defense mechanisms
push unacceptable impulses out of awarenessSlide21
Defense Mechanisms
repression
rationalization
displacement
sublimation
projection
reaction formation
denial
regressionSlide22
Defense MechanismsSlide23
Defense MechanismsSlide24
Psychosexual Stages
Oral Stage
: 0-18 Months
infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth
Anal Stage
: 18-36 Months
child’s pleasure involves eliminative functions
Phallic Stage
: 3-6 Years
child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
Oedipal complexcastration anxietySlide25
Psychosexual StagesSlide26
Psychosexual Stages (cont.)
Latency Stage
: 6 Years - Puberty
psychic “time-out”
interest in sexuality is repressed
Genital Stage
: Adolescence and Adulthood
sexual reawakening
source of sexual pleasure is someone else
f
ixation - remain locked in particular developmental stage (e.g., anal retentive)Slide27
Dissenters and Revisionists
sexuality
– not pervasive force behind personality
early experience
– not as powerful as Freud thought
importance of conscious thought
sociocultural influencesSlide28
Dissenters and Revisionists
Horney’s Sociocultural Approach
both sexes envy the attributes of the other
need for security, not sex, is primary motivator
Jung’s Analytical Theory
collective unconscious and archetypes
Adler’s Individual Psychology
perfection, not pleasure, is key motivatorSlide29
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theory
Criticisms
too much emphasis on early experiences
too much faith in unconscious mind’s control
too much emphasis on sexual instincts
theory can not be tested
Contributions
importance of childhood experiences
development proceeds in stages
role of unconscious processesSlide30
Humanistic Perspectives
humanistic perspective
- emphasis on a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualitiesSlide31
Humanistic Perspectives
Abraham Maslow
third force psychology
self-actualization
peak experiences
biased since focus was on highly successful individualsSlide32
Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers
personal growth and self-determination
unconditional positive regard
conditions of worth
self-concept
empathy
genuinenessSlide33
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
Contributions
self-perception is key to personality
consider the positive aspects of human nature
emphasize conscious experience
Criticisms
too optimistic about human nature
promotes self-love and narcissismSlide34
Trait Perspectives
Trait
an enduring disposition that leads to characteristic responses
traits are the building blocks of personality
Trait Theories
people can be described by their typical behavior
strong versus weak tendenciesSlide35
Trait Perspectives
Gordon
Allport
personality understood through traits
behavior consistent across situations
lexical approach 4500 traits
W. T. Norman
five factor model
broad traits – main dimensions of personalitySlide36
Five Factor Model of PersonalitySlide37
Five Factor Model of Personality
Do the big five show up in the assessment of personality in cultures around the world?
Do the big five personality traits show up in animals?Slide38
Evaluating Trait Perspectives
Contributions
traits influence health, cognitions, career success, and interpersonal relations
Criticisms
ignores the role of the situation in behavior
ignores nuances of an individual’s personalitySlide39
Personological Perspective
personological persp
ective - focusing on an individual’s life history or life story
Henry Murray
personology
: the study of the whole person
motives are largely unconscious
thematic apperception test
(
TAT)need for achievement, affiliation, and powerSlide40
Life Story Approach
Dan McAdams
our life story is our identity
intimacy motivation
Psychobiography
applying personality theory to one person’s lifeSlide41
Evaluating Life Story Approach
Contributions
rich record of an individual’s experience
Criticisms
difficult and time-consuming
extensive coding and content analysis
prone to bias
not easily generalized Slide42
Social Cognitive Perspective
emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals
incorporates principles from behaviorism when exploring:
reasoning
beliefs
self reflection
interpretation of situationSlide43
Social Cognitive Perspectives
Albert
Bandura
reciprocal determinism
behavior, environment, and cognitive factors interact to create personality
Key Processes and Variables
observational learning
personal control
self-efficacySlide44
Self-Efficacy: Make a Life ChangeActivity Handout 12.3
Steps for Self-Efficacy Success
:
Select something you can
reasonably expect
to be able to do
Don’t be discouraged
by past failure
Pay attention
to successes
Keep written records of performanceMake a list of situations that are both difficult and not difficult. Begin by tackling the less difficult.Slide45
Reciprocal DeterminismSlide46
Social Cognitive Perspectives
Walter
Mischel
Situationalism
behavior and personality vary considerably across context
CAPS Model of Personality
stability over time rather than across situations
interconnections among cognitions and emotions affect our behaviorSlide47
Evaluating the Social Cognitive Theory
Contributions
focuses on interactions of individuals with their environments
suggests people can control their environment
Criticisms
too concerned with change and the situation
ignores the role of biology
very specific predictions hinder generalizationSlide48
Biological Perspectives
Personality and the Brain
brain damage alters personality
brain responses correlate with personality
Eysenk’s
Reticular Activation System Theory
extraverts and introverts have different base-line levels of arousal
Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
behavioral activation system and behavioral inhibition systemSlide49
Biological Perspectives
Role of Neurotransmitters
growth of dopamine receptors stimulated by warm care-givers
disposes person to reward-sensitivity (extraversion)
less serotonin in circulation leads to negative mood (neuroticism)Slide50
Biological Perspectives
Behavioral Genetics
twin studies reveal substantial genetic influence on Big Five traits
most traits influenced by multiple genes
Evaluating the Biological Perspective
ties personality to animal learning, brain imaging, and evolutionary theory
criticisms (e.g., biology may be the affect, not the cause, of personality)Slide51
Personality: Stability vs. Change
Traits are stable by definition yet positive traits increase across adulthood (social maturity).Slide52
Personality Assessment
Self-Report Tests
beware social desirability
empirically-keyed tests used to get around
social desirability
problem
test takers do not know what is being measured
test items not related to purpose of test
MMPI is an exampleSlide53
Personality Assessment
M
innesota
M
ultiphasic
P
ersonality
I
nventory
567 itemscontrols for social desirabilityassesses mental health and used to make hiring decisions and to determine criminal riskNeuroticism Extraversion OpennessPersonality Inventory-Revised assesses the big five factors and 6
subdimensionsSlide54
Personality Assessment
M
yers
B
riggs
T
ype
I
ndicator
four dimensions used to make personnel decisions:
extraversion-introversion sensing-intuitingthinking-feelingjudgment-perceptionnot empirically supportedBarnum effectSlide55
Personality Assessment
Projective Tests
…psychodynamic approach
…project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli
Rorschach inkblot test
personality score based on description of inkblots
questionable reliability and validity
Thematic Apperception Test
(
TAT
)series of ambiguous pictures viewed one at a timeelicited stories reveal an individual’s personalitySlide56
Rorschach Inkblot TestSlide57
Thematic Apperception TestSlide58
Other Assessment Methods
direct behavioral observation
cognitive assessment of attention and memory
peer ratings
psychophysiological
measures (e.g., polygraph)
brain imagingSlide59
Personality and Health and Wellness
Personality traits correlated with health
conscientiousness
personal control
self efficacy
optimism
type A/type B behavior patternSlide60
Personality and Health and Wellness
Subjective Well-Being
…person’s assessment of own positive affect relative to negative affect, and evaluation of own life in generalSlide61
Chapter Summary
Define personality.
Discuss the following perspectives on personality
psychodynamic
humanistic
trait
personological
and life story
social cognitive
biological
Characterize the main methods of personality assessment.Summarize how personality relates to health and wellness.Slide62
Chapter Summary
Psychodynamic Perspectives
focus on unconscious determinants
personality structure and defense mechanisms
psychosexual stages of development
Humanistic Perspectives
Maslow and self-actualization
Rogers and unconditional positive regardSlide63
Chapter Summary
Trait Perspectives
traits are stable over time and situations
Personological
and Life Story Perspectives
personology
- study the whole person
identity can be understood through life stories
Social Cognitive Perspectives
behavior, environment, and cognitive factors
self-efficacy and personal controlSlide64
Chapter Summary
Biological Perspectives
Personality Assessment
self-reports tests
projective tests
other assessment techniques
Personality and Health and Wellness
healthful personality traits