Chapter 20 Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 20

Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave TradeSlide2
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The Beginning

Factories:

Established trading forts allowing trade from the interior

Much is established with the consent of the African people.

El Mina

Missionary efforts

Europeans saw the Africans as pagan savages (just like the saw everyone else)

Few permanent settlements

This was for goods and slaves not for living Slide5

Patterns of Conquest

What the Portuguese did in Africa is seen throughout the history of the slave trade:

Fortified trading stations

Combo of force and diplomacy

Alliances with local rulers

Predominance of commercial relations Slide6

Who

The Portuguese were the main suppliers

The Dutch got involved later on capturing El Mina

The English wanted control for the plantations

African states on the coast benefitted from the slave trade

More inland states with

f

irearms became suppliers Slide7

On the West Coast

Two important states that developed out of the slave trade

Asante

:

Dealt with the Dutch

dominated the gold coast until the 1820s

Dahomey

:

With the use of guns, created its own autocratic society based on trading slavesSlide8

On the East Coast

Continued to trade luxury items with the Muslim world

Some slaves got to Europe/America

Islamization

will connect the northern savanna with the western external slave routes

This new phase with be more violent

Linked Islam and the slave trade

Movement to purify the Sufi

Major impact of the pastoral people (Fulani)Slide9

The Slave Trade

The Atlantic

12 Million Africans shipped out

10-11 millions made it alive

So many were needed as a continuous supply.

Mortality and low birth rate

Needed to replenish

Other slave trades

Trans-Saharan

Red Sea

Muslims in East Africa Slide10

Keep in mind

Europeans used the fact that Africa already had slavery as a justification

Used many ways, and on many levels

Trade allowed the existing systems to expand and develop

The growing divine authority of the African rulers paralleled the rise of absolutism in Europe

The development of new political formsSlide11

Who was in control?

Control of the Slave trade often reflected who had European Control at the time

Portuguese until 1630: Supplying Brazil

Dutch 1637-1660: They took control of El Mina

English: needed fro their growing colonies

Royal African Company

French: Start by not major until 18

th

Century Slide12

Who did they trade?

West: The Atlantic trade

Young men for hard labor

Changed the demographic of the region

More men in America

More Women in Africa

East: The Trans-Saharan trade

Muslim traders

Women

Domestic help and concubinesSlide13

The African Diaspora

Slaves became an important segment of the new world population

Cultures mixed with other things to create something new

Slave Society

Whites on topSlide14

The Middle Passage Slide15

Triangle Trade

The major way Africa was linked to the increasingly integrated economy of the worldSlide16

Was it Profitable?

Some say it was so profitable that there were major elements in the rise of capitalism and the origins of the Industrial Revolution

Like other things it appeared more profitable than it really was

The trade itself may not have given the most money

The industry that came out of the slave trade WAS VERY PROFITABLE Slide17

South Africa

1652: The Dutch East India Company

Colony Cape of Good Hope

Provision post

Dutch = Boers

1795: English take Cape Colony

1815 formal British Control

Limited Boers landholding

1834: Britain outlaws slavery

Great Trek: Boers leave top be

f

ree of government control in the North

Moving into someone else's land Slide18

The Impact of Slavery on Africa.

“Africa

entered the world economy in the slave trade era. Its incorporation produced differing effects on African societies, but many societies had to adapt in ways that placed them at a disadvantage that facilitated later loss of independence during the 19th century. The legacy of the slave trade, as European rulers practiced forced labor policies, era lingered on into the 20th century

.”Slide19

Terms

factories:

trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans

.

El Mina:

important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana.

lançados

:

Afro-Portuguese traders who joined the economies of the African interior with coastal centers.

Nzinga

Mvemba

:

ruler of the

Kongo

kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity and was renamed

Afonso

I; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade.

Luanda

:

Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola.

Royal

African Company:

chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies.

Indies

piece:

a unit in the complex exchange system of the West African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave.

triangular

trade: complex

commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe;

European

goods went to Africa.

Asante

:

Akan

state the Gold Coast (now Ghana) among the

Akan

people and centered at Kumasi.

Osei

Tutu:

important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante.

asantehene

:

title, created by

Osei

Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante.

Benin

:

African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; active slave trading state; famous for if bronze casting techniques.

Dahomey

:

African state among the

Fon

or

Aja

peoples; developed in the 17th century centered at

Abomey

; became a major slave trading state through utilization of Western firearms.

Luo

:

Nilotic

people who migrated from the Upper Nile regions to establish dynasties the lakes region of central Africa.

Usuman

Dan

Fodio

:

Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa..

Great

Trek:

movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government.

Shaka

:

ruler among the

Nguni

peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state.

Mfecane

:

wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization.

Swazi

and Lesotho:

African states formed peoples reacting to the stresses of the

Mfecane

.

Middle

Passage:

slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience.

obeah

:

African religious practices in the British American islands.

candomble

:

African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba. |

vodun

:

African religious practices among descendants in Haiti.

Palmares

:

Angolan-led large

runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil.

Surinam

Maroons:

descendants of 18th century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rainforests of Surinam and French Guiana.

William

Wilberforce:

British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807.Slide20

Good stuff to keep in mind

Stuff from this chapter that goes with the APWH Themes Slide21

Key Concept 1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange Slide22

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods from the Atlantic markets but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services

Commercialization and creation of global economy connected to new global circulation of American silver

Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used to control the domestic and colonial economies

The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods wealth and free and

unfree

laborers and the mixing of African, American and European cultures and peopleSlide23

The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created

syncretic

belief systems and practices

The practice of Islam continued to spread into diverse cultural settings in Asia and Africa

Syncretic

forms of religion (such as African influences in Latin America, interaction between Amerindians and catholic missionaries, or Sikhism between Muslims and Hindus in India and Southeast Asia) developed.Slide24

Key Concept 2. New forms of social organization and modes of production Slide25

Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand fro labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products

Peasant labor grew in many places

The Atlantic slave trade increased demand for slaves

The purchase and transport of slaves supported the growth of the plantation economy throughout the AmericasSlide26

As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial and gender hierarchies.

Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades (as well as the dependence of European men on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade in region or the smaller size of European families)Slide27

Key Concept 3: State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion Slide28

Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.

Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks, but these empires also affected the power of the states in interior West and Central Africa