What is matter and how is it formed? - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

What is matter and how is it formed?

Unit 1 – Area of Study 3Slide2

What do you know?

Outcome

: On

completion of this unit the student should be able explain the origins of atoms, the nature of subatomic particles and how energy can be produced by atoms.Slide3

Vocabulary

Atoms

Protons

NeutronsElectronsSubatomic

ParticlesMatter Anti-matterUnstableStable

Big bang

Universe

Space

Time

Expansion

Scientific notation

Magnitude Distance

Temperature

Mass

Inflation

Annihilation

Nuclear fusion

Cessation

Half-life

Radiation

Radioactive decay

Nucleons

Isotopes

Neutrino

Positron

Higgs boson

Quarks

Forces

Leptons Hadrons

Mesons

Baryons

Charge

Energy

Antiparticle

Theory of relativity

Fission

Electromagnetic waves

Synchrotron

TangentSlide4
Slide5
Slide6

Origins of atoms

Learning Intention

: Describe

the Big Bang as a currently held theory that explains the origins of the Universe.

Success Criteria: Can explain the different theories on the origin of the universe.Can explain how scientists arrived at the big bang theory.Slide7

Discovering our surroundings

The universe and everything that we understand to exist has existed for 13.8 billion years, however that has only become known by scientists in the last 50 years and is still not common knowledge to the public.

There have been a series of discoveries that has lead scientists to this theory and also empirical data collected has enabled scientists to prove that this is the way our current view of the universe has come about.Slide8
Slide9

Stages of big bang discovery

Discover redshift which explains that galaxies and other celestial bodies are moving away

Albert Einstein creates his theory of relativity explaining how light emits energy and vice versa.

George Lemaitre puts forth the Big Bang Theory.

Edwin Hubble is able to demonstrate mathematically that red shift is true by developing an equation to calculate the actual speed at which celestial bodies are moving away.Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson develop new radio wave antennas at the Bell Telephone Laboratories that read “radio noise” from the Milky Way.

George Gamow and Ralph

Alpher

proposed Afterglow as a new theory to support the big bang theory.

Afterglow theory developed into a deeper understanding of cosmic microwave background radiation. Mapping the universe by reading background radiation was completed by two major satellites; COBE (cosmic background explorer) and WMAP (Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe)Slide10

COBE and WMAPSlide11
Slide12

‘Steady state’ theory

In 1948,

Fred

Hoyle put forward what became known as the ‘steady state’ theory.

According to the steady state theory, proposed in 1948, there was no beginning of the universe. It was always there. The galaxies are continually moving away from each other. In the extra space left between the galaxies, new stars and galaxies are created. These new stars and galaxies replace those that move away, so that the universe always looks the same. Quantum mechanics had already suggested that matter was less ‘permanent’ than we had thought. Slide13

The ‘big Bang’ theory

The big bang theory was

first

proposed in 1927 by Georges Lemaitre, a Catholic priest from Belgium.

But it wasn’t called the ‘big bang theory’ then. Ironically, the name ‘big bang’ was invented by Fred Hoyle, one of the developers of the steady state theory. He used the name to try to ridicule the cosmologists who

proposed the

big bang theory

.

In

1933, Lemaitre presented the details of his

theory to

an audience of scientists

in California

. Albert Einstein

, by

then recognised as

one of

the greatest

scientists of

all time, was in

the audience

.

At the end

of

Lemaitre’s presentation Einstein

stood

, applauded and announced, ‘

That was

the most beautiful and satisfactory explanation of creation

that

I have

ever heard’.Slide14

Origins of atoms

Learning Intention

:

Understands the change of matter in the stages of the development of the Universe and

the formation of atoms.Success Criteria:Can apply scientific notation to quantify and compare the large ranges of magnitudes of time, distance, temperature and mass considered when investigating the UniverseCan describe

the origins of both time and space with reference to the Big Bang

Theory

Can explain

the changing Universe over time due to expansion and

cooling

Can explain

the change of matter in the stages of the development of the Universe including inflation, elementary particle formation, annihilation of anti-matter and matter, commencement of nuclear fusion, cessation of fusion and the formation of atoms.Slide15

Measuring space

Astronomical

 Union defined the distance to be 149,597,870,700 meters

.Light Year

a unit of astronomical distance equivalent to the distance that light travels in one year, which is 9.4607 × 1012 km.Slide16

Stages of Big bang

1. The big bang (

t

= 0)It’s hard to imagine, but at this moment

there was no space and no time. All that existed was energy. All of the energy was concentrated into a single point called singularity.Slide17

Inflation

Theory says that in the first second after the universe was born, our cosmos ballooned

exponentially.Slide18

Stages of Big bang

2. One ten million trillion

trillion

trillionths

of a second later (t = +

s)

Time

and space had begun. Space

was expanding

quickly and the temperature

was about

100 million trillion

trillion

degrees Celsius

. (The current core temperature of

the sun

is 15 million degrees Celsius.)

 Slide19

Stages of Big bang

3. One ten billion trillion trillionths of a second

after the big bang (

t

=+

s)

The universe had expanded to about the

size of

a pea. Matter in the form of tiny

particles such

as electrons and

positrons

(

positively charged

electrons) had formed.

Particles collided

with each other, releasing

huge amounts

of energy in the form of light

. Until

this moment there was no light.

 Slide20

Stages of Big bang

4. One ten thousandth of a second

after the

big bang (

t =+

s

)

Protons and neutrons had formed as

a result

of collisions between smaller particles

. The

universe was very bright because

light was

trapped as it was continually

being reflected

by particles.

 Slide21

Stages of Big bang

5. One hundredth of a second after the

big bang (

t

= +s)

The universe was still expanding

and cooling

rapidly. It had grown to

the same

size as our solar system

, but

there was still no

such thing

as an atom.

 Slide22

Stages of Big bang

6. One second after the big bang (

t

= +1 s)

The universe was probably more than a trillion trillion kilometres (

km)

across.

It

had cooled

to about ten billion

degrees Celsius

.

 Slide23

Stages of Big bang

7. Five minutes after the big

bang (

t = +5 min)The nuclei of hydrogen, helium

and lithium had formed among a sea of electrons.Slide24

Stages of Big bang

8. Three hundred thousand years

after the

big bang (t = +300 000 years)

The universe was about one thousandth of its current size. It had cooled to about 3000 °C. Electrons had slowed down enough to be captured by the nuclei of hydrogen, helium and lithium,

forming the first

atoms. There was now

enough empty

space in the universe to

allow light

to escape to the outer edges

. For

the

first

time, the

universe was

dark.Slide25

Stages of Big bang

9. Two hundred million years after the

big bang

(t = +200 000 000 years)

The first stars had appeared as gravity pulled atoms of hydrogen, helium and lithium together. Nuclear reactions took place inside

the stars, causing the nuclei of the

atoms to

fuse together to form heavier nuclei.

Around some

of the newly forming stars, some of

the swirling

clouds of matter cooled and

formed clumps

. This is how planets began to form.Slide26

Stages of Big bang

10. One billion years after the big

bang (

t = +1 000 000 000 years)The universe was beginning to become a

little ‘lumpy’. The force of gravity pulled matter towards the ‘lumpier’ regions, causing the first galaxies to form.Slide27

Particles in the

nucleus

•

explain nuclear stability with reference to the forces that operate over very small distances

• describe the radioactive decay of unstable nuclei with reference to half-life• model radioactive decay as random decay with a particular half-life, including mathematical modelling with reference to whole half-lives

• apply a simple particle model of the atomic nucleus to explain the origin of α, β-, β+ and γ radiation, including changes to the number of nucleons

• explain nuclear transformations using decay equations involving α, β-, β+ and γ radiation

• analyse decay series diagrams with reference to type of decay and stability of isotopes

• relate predictions to the subsequent discoveries of the neutron, neutrino, positron and Higgs boson

• describe quarks as components of subatomic particles

• distinguish between the two types of forces holding the nucleus together: the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force

• compare the nature of leptons, hadrons, mesons and baryons

• explain that for every elementary matter particle there exists an antimatter particle of equal mass and opposite charge, and that if a particle and its antiparticle come into contact they will annihilate each other to create radiation.Slide28

All known subatomic particlesSlide29

Energy from the

atom

•

explain nuclear energy as energy resulting from the conversion of mass: E =

mc2• compare the processes of nuclear fusion and nuclear fission • explain, using a binding energy curve, why both fusion and fission are reactions that produce energy• explain light as an electromagnetic wave that is produced by the acceleration of charges • describe the production of synchrotron radiation by an electron radiating energy at a tangent to its circular path

• model the production of light as a result of electron transitions between energy levels within an atom.