Prepared by: Shaheen - PowerPoint Presentation

Prepared by: Shaheen SardarSCM Lab. Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea. Case Study: Sport Obermeyer

Company History: “Skiing is a celebration of life” Klaus Obermeyer 1947: Klaus Obermeyer , a German immigrant began teaching at the Aspen (U.S.) Ski School

Company History: 1985: Obersport ; a joint venture in Hong Kong, the company began to increase productivity to meet their new demands.

Women’s Collection

Competitors The Jacobs Corporation founded by David L . Jacobs Biography

Competitors The North Face, Inc. : subsidiary of VF Corporation

Competitors Burton Snowboards founded by Jake Burton Carpenter Innovative Burton outerwear performance meets leading Motorola Bluetooth ® technology

Sport ObermeyerSport Obermeyer – a high end fashion skiwear designer and merchandising companyCommitment for producing line of fashion skiwear for 1993-94 Long lead times:Long lead times: It’s November 1992 and the company is starting to make firm commitments for its 1993 – 1994 season. Based on experience, Intuition and sheer speculationNo feedback from retailers (Las Vegas trade show in March 1993) Inaccurate forecasts of retailer demandCompany’s inability to predict correctly (which product would become best seller) resulted in: Excess merchandise and sold at deep discount Or company ran out of most popular items ( lost sales )

Problem StatementHow can Sport Obermeryer Ltd.: Improve its forecasting method Achieve a more dynamic manufacturing capability in order to reduce final inventory Increase profits Become more competitive in the industry

Manufacturing Structure:

COMPANY NETWORK: Recently, a number of contractual ventures were added and a new complex in Lo Village Guangdong China

Product and Segmentation:

Product Variety:

Obermeyer Product Fashion Ski Apparel Parkas, Vests, Sweater, ski suits, shells, ski pants, turtlenecks and accessoriesParkas : Most critical designProducts offered in five different genders (Men, Women, Boys, Girls, Preschoolers)Company segmented each gender market according to price, type of skier and fashion forwardness . U.S. Skiwear estimated sales in 1992: US$ 32.8 million Obermeyer’s Share: 45% of children skiwear mkt. 11% of adult skiwear mkt. Offering an excellent price/ value relationship to target group

Obermeyer Product Example (Adult man)Fred (conservative, basic)Rex (rich, latest fabrics and technologies)Beige (mountaineering type skier, high technical performance)Klausie (showy, latest fashions)Each GenderStylesColorsSizesTotal Number of SKU’s (stock-keeping units): ~800Deliver matching collections simultaneously Deliver early in the season

The Supply Chain (Asia to Aspen (U.S.))Obermeyer sourced most of its products through ObersportObermeyer would contract with fabric supplier for specified amount of fabric each month Lead time taken into account for all materials Most tasks performed only after production quantity planned by Obermeyer Obersport : Joint venture between Sport Obermeyer and its Hong Kong partner . Obersport is responsible for fabric and component sourcing for apparel production and monitoring product quality at subcontractor factories. Textile and Accessories Suppliers Apparel Manufactures Obersport Retailers

The Supply Chain Textile and Accessories Suppliers Apparel Manufacturers Sport Obermeyer Retailers Obersport Produce, dye and print shell and lining fabrics, supply insulation, zippers, thread, logo patches and snaps. Subcontractors, receive production orders and materials from Obersport. Cut, sew and final assembly. Responsible for material and production sourcing in the Far East. It also acts as a distribution centre for materials and finished goods. Product design, production planning and sales. Purchase from Sport Obermeyer and sell products to consumers.

Product Transportation Hong Kong Warehouse Seattle Obermeyer’s Denver Warehouse then transported by trucks goods produced in August were air-shipped Retailers orders were finally shipped via small-package carriers such as UPS ( United Parcel Service ) at the end of August 1993 Cost $5 per parka products made in June and July were transported by ships

Retailers Specialty Ski-Retail Stores Department Stores Direct Mail Retailers Consumers Most sales occur between September and January Delivering products by early September Sport Obermeyer

Production OptionsHong KongMore expensiveSmaller lot sizesFasterMore flexibleMainland (Guangdong, Lo Village)CheaperLarger lot sizes SlowerLess flexible

Obersport Limited Obersport Ltd To coordinate production of sport obermeyer’s products in Far East Responsible for fabric and component sourcing Joint Venture formed in 1985 by Klaus Obermeyer’s Son – Wally (Harvard Educated) Raymond Tse – Owner of Alpine- 80% order of Sport obermeyer Klaus entrusts Raymond Tse to make all decisions regarding production and investment

Design Process Las Vegas Concept Sketches sent Designs begins Show Finalise to Obersport Finalised Feb 92 Mar 92 May 92 Jul 92 Sep 92 Nov 92 Mar 93 Apr 93 - Jul 93 Dec 93-Feb 94 Place 1 st Production Las Vegas Additional Replenishment Order with Obersport Show orders received orders received Prototype , Sample Production Full scale production Planning and Production Cycle:

The Effect of Minimum Order QuantitiesIdeally, during Speculative Production, we want to order a specific quantity of a parka style, and then, during Reactive Production, we want to “fine tune” the parka’s remaining supply by ordering as few or as many as the indicated by the revised forecast after Las Vegas .However, a large minimum order quantity for a particular style of parka forces us to order either many parkas or none.Thus, a minimum order quantity significantly reduces the ability to “fine tune” during Reactive Production.

Sport Obermeyer’s Time Lineand“Speculative” versus “Reactive” Production “Speculative” Production “Reactive” Production

ComponentsGreige Shell Fabric Finishing of Shell Fabric (Dying & Printing)Finished Lining FabricInsulationZippersThreadLogo Patches, Drawcords, Hang Tags, etc. Snaps (undyed)Dyeing of Snaps Procurement lead time45 – 90 days 45 – 60 days45 – 60 days2 – 3 weeksStandard (HK) 60 days, Custom (JP) 90+ days30 days15 – 30 days1 – 2 months 15 – 30 days Asia 6 weeks Fabric Producer Fabric Dyer Cut/Sew Factory Denver Warehouse Retailer Un-dyed greige goods Consumer 6 weeks 6 weeks Production Process:

Factories in Hong Kong Seattle warehouse 800 Ski Retailers Product Sketches Forecast Committee Forecasts Order 20% in Apr-Jun 93 Order 80% in Mar 93 Retailers order in Apr-Jun 93 Denver warehouse 6 weeks Ordering and Shipment Process:

Sales and Replenishing Process: Peak Sales Aug 93 Sep 93 Oct 93 Nov 93 Dec 93 Feb 94 Sales Re-Sales Stock outs (+24 % of whole sale price) Market downs (- 8% of wholesale price)

ParkasObermeyer produce 200,000 parkas every yearCapacity: 3,60,000 each yearEarn 24% of wholesale price on each Unsold in season: sold at a loss of 8%Profit of US$ 27 and loss of US$9 on each parkas Buying committee forecasts for 10 style of Parkas

Issue faced by WallyHow to make best use of forecasts by various members for production commitmentHow to allocate production between factories at Hong Kong and China Last year 1/3rd Parkas was made in China.Company plan to produce 50% parkas in China as labor cost in China is low require larger minimum order some concern of quality and reliability is there

Obermeyer Landed Cost: Cost FOB Obersport $42.68 Agent’s fee (to Obersport, 7%) $2.98 Freight (Ocean Carrier) $1.40 Duty, insurance and miscellaneous $4.90 Total landed cost $51.92 Cost FOB Obersport: Material $30.00 Labour $0.78 Transportation within China and China overhead $2.00 China quota, obersport profit and overhead $9.90 Total $42.68 ESTIMATED COST INFORMATION FOR ROCOCO PARKA (IF ASSEMBLED IN CHINA)

Parkas Wally studied the committee forecastsEstimated the early production of each styleDemand and forecasts for last year analyzedStandard deviation of demand was twice the standard deviation of buying committee forecasts Forecast distribution for each style as a normal random variableWith mean equal to average of committee forecastsStandard deviation twice of committee forecasts

COMMITTEE FORECAST- 10 STYLES OF WOMEN’SPARKA – Individual Forecast Style Price Laura Carolyn Greg Wendy Tom Wally Gail $110 900 1,000 900 1,300 800 1,200 Isis $99 800 700 1,000 1,600 950 1,200 Entice $80 1,200 1,600 1,500 1,550 950 1,350 Assault $90 2,500 1,900 2,700 2,450 2,800 2,800 Teri $123 800 900 1,000 1,100 950 1,850 Electra $173 2,500 1,900 1,900 2,800 1,800 2,000 Stephanie $133 600 900 1,000 1,100 950 2,125 Seduced $73 4,600 4,300 3,900 4,000 4,300 3,000 Anita $93 4,400 3,300 3,500 1,500 4,200 2,875 Daphne $148 1,700 3,500 2,600 2,600 2,300 1,600 Totals 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000

COMMITTEE FORECAST- 10 STYLES OF WOMEN’SPARKA – Individual Forecast Style Average Forecast Standard deviation 2 x Standard Deviation Gail 1,017 194 388 Isis 1,042 323 646 Entice 1,358 248 496 Assault 2,525 340 680 Teri 1,100 381 762 Electra 2,150 404 807 Stephanie 1,113 524 1,048 Seduced 4,017 556 1,113 Anita 3,296 1,047 2,094 Daphne 2,383 697 1,349 Totals 20,000

ParkasWally also had to decide the location for production for each style ( Hong Kong or China) It was planned this year to produce 50% of products in ChinaThere was risk of managing production and inventory in longer term The larger minimum order size of China limits the capacity of company’s ability to increase the range of products China trade relationship with USA - Risky

Topic Hong Kong China Hourly wage HK$30 RMB 0.91 Exchange rate HK$7.8 = US$1 RMB ( Renminbi ) 5.7 = US$1 Working hours 8 hours/day, 6 days/week 9 hours/day, 6.5 days/week Total = 48 hours/week Total = 58.5 hours/week Maximum overtime allowed = 200 hours/years During peak production periods, workers work 13 hours/day, 6.5 days/week Weekly (non-peak output/worker) 19 parkas 12 parkas COMPARISON OF OPERATIONS IN HONG KONG AND CHINA

Topic Hong Kong China Actual labour content per parka (incl repair work) -2.35 hours -3.6 hours Paid labour time per parka (incl repair work) -2.53 hours/parka -4.88 hours/parka Labour cost /garment HK$75.6 RMB 4.45 Line configuration 10-12 people/line 40 people/line Training Cross-trained Trained for single operation only Min order quantity 600 units in same style 1200 units in same style Repair rate 1-2% -10% Challenges Wage rate, Workforce Low unemployment Younger worker prefer office job Workforce Less quality and cleanliness conscious Training requirements COMPARISON OF OPERATIONS IN HONG KONG AND CHINA

Sport Obermeyer’s Relationship with ObersportIn this global supply chain,Sport Obermeyer operates in the US and specializes in the demand side by coordinating activities such as monitoring fashion trends,designing the parkas, and selling the parkas by entering into relationships with retailers.Obersport operates in Hong Kong and China and specializes in the supply side by coordinating activities such asprocuring fabric and components (e.g., zippers) and arranging for production using either independent subcontractors or factories of Alpine (a company owned by Obersport’s managing director).

Sport Obermeyer’s Relationship with Obersport (Continued)Global supply chains are frequently composed of different companies, with each company having aa different geographical location,a different knowledge seta different skill set, and/or a different set of business relationships.Sport Obermeyer should NOT eliminate its business relationship with Obersport. Instead, it should retain its relationship and seek to improve the coordination between Sport Obermeyer’s demand-side activities and Obersport’s supply-side activities .

SWOT Analysis Strengths: History of product innovation Buying committee forecasts balance expectations Experienced leadership and focused management team Deliver products to retailers early in the selling season Variety of SKUs, with color/size product diversity Use of greige fabric delays product differentiation Weaknesses: Excessively long lead times, though this is the nature of the industry Minimum order quantity at Chinese manufacturers Leftover unpopular merchandise at end of selling period. Stock outs on most popular items during peak selling Opportunities: Aggressive marketing campaign Expanding sales to European/ South American markets Sponsorship of major winter sports events Threats: Competition from value-oriented sellers like Columbia. Regulatory limits of goods that can be imported into US.

Case Discussion Questions Using the sample data given in Table 2-20, make a recommendation for how many units of each style Wally should make during the initial phase of production. Assume that all of the 10 styles in the sample problem are made in Hong Kong and that Wally’s initial production commitment must be at least 10,000 units. Ignore price differences among styles in your initial analysis. Can you come up with a measure of risk associated with your ordering policy? This measure should be quantifiable.

Case Discussion Questions Repeat your methodology and assume now that all 10 styles are made in China. What is the difference (if any) between the two initial production commitments? What operational changes would you recommend to Wally to improve performance? How should Wally think (both short-term and long-term) about sourcing in Hong Kong versus China? What kind of sourcing policy do you recommend?

Solving Wally’s Sample Problem (with k=0)Too much!

Solving Wally’s Sample Problem (with k=2) Too little!

Solving Wally’s Sample Problem (with k=1) Too much!

Solving Wally’s Sample Problem (with k=1.0608) Just right!

Question 1 . and 3. Comparison units of each style when produced in HK and China

Differences between production in HK and China Inventory Total CostOperation Time Quality (% Repair)

Question 1. and 3. The differences between production in HK and China

Question 1 (Alternative approach)We have three types of products:-Low risk: risk % between 0 and 40-Medium risk: risk % between 41 and 59-High risk: risk % above 60To minimize the risk, we decided to order the following quantity: -Low risk items: 75% of the average forecast-Medium risk items: 50% of the average forecast-High risk items: 25% of the average forecast

Question 1 (Alternative approach)

2. Can you come up a measure of risk associated with an your ordering policy? This measure should be quantifiable.

Stock outs (-24 % whole sale price)Market downs( -8% of wholesale price)(Old) designsHigh inventory holding cost -Unable to fully profit from hit products What’s the result if there is demand forecasting uncertainty?

Forecasts are always uncertain Why does risk happen? Demand Average Standard deviation Standard deviation

How we assessforecast certainty? 1 . Based on historical data - Past forecast error - Variability of demand

2. Rather than producing one joint forecast, each member of the purchasing committee produces his/her own forecast . Obermeyer’s Buying committee

3. The deviation in views (of Buying committee) is good estimator of forecast reliability Table of standard deviation vs. Coefficient of variation C.V. = Standard Deviation / Mean

4. How is this information helpful? - Using Early production Capacity ( Speculative capacity) for Assault and Seduced - Reserve later production Capacity (reactive capacity) for Daphne and Anita as demand become more apparent “Risk –based production planning”

4. What operational changes would you recommend to Wally to improve performance?

Ski Clothes is fashionable product, Its life cycle is short Long time of planning and production activities Uncertain forecasting due to customer demand Fashion taker >> No R&D KEY Problems:

Reducing number of styles handled and to predict customer demand for individual style. To create promotion strategy to persuade retailers to order. OPERATIONAL Changes:

PRODUCTION SYSTEMIncreasing production Quality of China to be closed to Hong Kong. To reduce lead time of production especially the preparation of raw materials. OPERATIONAL Changes:

Lead time reductionFabric dyer lead time of several months Dyer has long lead time on greige goods and needed to keep their capacity utilized year round but can change colors overnightObermeyer can predict total annual sales and sales of basic colors, but can’t predict fashion colors Fabric Producer Fabric Dyer Cut/Sew Factory Denver Warehouse Retailer undyed greige goods Sport Obermeyer Asia Consumer

Solution: Offer dyer one year commitment on greige goods and capacity Dye basic colors early in year and fashion colors late in season on few days notice

SUPPLY CHAIN SYSTEM Increase bargaining power with suppliers by ordering via big supplier that can commit on timeline Collect stock raw materials which is base on Ski cloth production OPERATIONAL Changes:

Increase distribution channel to a country that have different period of product usageIncrease services level requirementsEstablish DC in Seattle to reduce lead time and cost from inland transportation from Seattle to Denver OPERATIONAL Changes:

Hong Kong Seattle Original distribution process Establish Distribution Center in Seattle without through Denver

INFORMATION SYSTEM Collect the data backward and analyze the demand of the show in Vegas and compare with actual purchase. Speedup data/information analysis and utilize historical data / Committee forecasting / Research and Trend & Market Movement. OPERATIONAL Changes:

5. How should Wally think (both short term and long term) about sourcing in Hong Kong versus China? What kind of sourcing policy do you recommend?

Production OptionsHong KongFasterMore flexibleHigh / Reliable QualityBetter for higher risk designsConcernSmaller lot sizesHigher labor cost China (Guangdong, Lo Village) Lower labor costLarger lot sizesBetter for lower risk designs Concern Quality & Reliability Slower Less flexible

Where is better?Short termLong term Hong Kong China

Recommendations to WallyRECOMMENDATION #1. Improve the demand forecasts made internally by the Buying Committee in November (1992) just before Speculative Production. Instead of using just a simple average of the individual forecasts made by Laura, Carolyn, Greg, Wendy, Tom and Wally use a weighted average , with the weights reflecting past accuracy.

Recommendations to Wally(continued)RECOMMENDATION #2. Obtain market feedback earlier than Las Vegas , thereby converting some Speculative Production to Reactive Production. Sport Obermeyer can invite selected retailers to come in January to Aspen for an all-expenses-paid “Early Order Weekend” , where there is time for a “sneak preview” of the new line, some recreational skiing and socializing , and then the early placement of orders at a discount. To maximize the value of the market feedback , Sport Obermeyer’s “guest list” should include both large and small retailers and both urban and resort retailers .

Recommendations to Wally(continued)RECOMMENDATION #3. Decrease lead times for both raw materials and finished goods, thereby allowing more time to utilize existing capacity. Since the business strategy should emphasize D ependability more than C ost , lead-times can be reduced using some or all of the following methods: Choose suppliers of raw materials more on the basis of D than C . Speed up orders through information sharing with suppliers. Speed up shipments using faster (but more expensive) shippers. Establish some local (but more expensive) production capacity for “last minute” production.

RECOMMENDATION #3 (continued) Other ways to reduce lead times include: From the items with long lead times, increase the amount of “safety stock” inventory for those items that are inexpensive (e.g., buttons) and/or shared by many parkas (e.g., black fabric).Simplify the parkas’ designs so that they can share as many components as possible . For example, are 100,000 varieties of zippers really necessary ? Recommendations to Wally (continued)

Recommendations to Wally(continued)RECOMMENDATION #4. Increase production capacity by: Using more subcontractors , Using more overtime in China , and/or Exploring an alliance with a swimwear manufacturer who can “supply” excess capacity when Sport Obermeyer needs it and “consume” capacity when Sport Obermeyer has excess capacity.

Recommendations to Wally(continued)RECOMMENDATION #5. Decrease minimum order quantities, thereby improving the ability to “fine tune” during Reactive Production. Minimum order quantities occur because there are long “set-up times” when switching from the production of one style of parka to another, thereby making it uneconomical to have “short runs”.

Recommendations to Wally(continued)Sport Obermeyer can decrease the minimum order quantities by providing incentives to its suppliers to have more flexible production lines.This increased flexibility can come from: Improved process design (e.g., a cellular production system).Improved equipment (e.g., more flexible cutting machines). RECOMMENDATION #5 (continued)

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