Portugal was first country to launch largescale voyages of exploration Begun largely due to efforts of Prince Henry son of King John I of Portugal Often called Henry the Navigator not himself explorer ID: 685065
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "As a result of their location facing the..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
As a result of their location facing the Atlantic Ocean, Portugal and Spain were well suited to kicking off the Age of Exploration.
Portugal was first country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration
Begun largely due to efforts of Prince Henry, son of King John I of PortugalOften called Henry the Navigator, not himself explorerPatron, supporter of those who wished to explore
The Portuguese
Early 1400s, Henry established court to which he brought sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, others
Expeditions sent west to islands in Atlantic, south to explore western coast of AfricaPortuguese settled Azores, Madeira Islands, learned more about Africa’s coast
Navigation Court
Explorers from Portugal and SpainSlide2
Water Route to India
Prince Henry’s ultimate goal—find water route around Africa to India
Died before goal accomplished; attempts to find such a route not abandoned1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of AfricaLucrative Tradeda Gama’s trip inspired another expedition to India, led by Pedro CabralSailed west; sighted, claimed land that became known as BrazilPortugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation
da Gama1497, Vasco da Gama set out for India, stopped at several African portsLearned Muslim merchants actively involved in tradeJourney took more than 10 months, eventually reached Calicut in IndiaExploration AttemptsSlide3
Spain vs. Portugal
1493 Pope Alexander VI
divided these lands between Spain and PortugalSpain got the western part; Portugal got the east.(1494) Treaty of Tordesillas granted Brazil to Portugal by moving the line of demarcation over parts of south America.The Portugal began conquering major trading cities in the Arabian Sea, India, & as far east as Indonesia & Malaysia.Slide4Slide5
Explorers and their Routes
Chapter 16, section 1, pages 472-473Slide6Slide7
European Explorations For Spices, About 1500
5 of 6Slide8
Progress Monitoring TransparencySlide9
Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire
In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships that reached the great spice port of Calicut on the west coast of India.
In 1502, he forced a treaty of friendship on the ruler of Calicut.As a result, the Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading empire. Slide10
Trading Post Empires: Portuguese Trading Posts
Portuguese trading posts were designed
not to conquer territory but to control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to stop and pay dutiesBy the mid-16th Century, Portuguese merchants had built more than 50 trading posts between west Africa and east AsiaSlide11
Portugal Builds and Eastern Empire
Afonso d’Alboquerque
led the effort seizing Hormuz in 1508, Goa in 1510, and Melaka in 1511Alboquerque tried to control trade throughout the Indian OceanGoa- Island off the coast of IndiaMalacca- Sea port in the East IndiesOnce controlled by MuslimsIn 1511 the Portuguese take control of the city and massacre the cities Muslims*The Portuguese had a limited cultural impact in the region
only partially successful because of an insufficient number of ships to enforce his planSlide12
Like the Portuguese, the English and Dutch built trading posts on the Asian coasts but they did not attempt to control shipping on the high seas
The English and Dutch had two main advantages over the Portuguese
Faster, cheaper, and more powerful shipsJoint-stock companiesTrading Post Empires: English and Dutch Trading PostsSlide13
Joint-stock companies enabled investors to realize profits while limiting risks to their investments
English East India Company
Dutch United East India Company (VOC)Companies had government support to buy, sell, and build trading posts and even make war, but they were privately ownedAdvanced nautical technology, military power, efficient organization, and relentless pursuit of profit allowed the joint-stock companies to form a global trade networkThe companies had the power of a sovereign nation, and came to dominate the regionsTrading Post Empires: English and Dutch Trading PostsSlide14
Trading Post Empires: Philippines and Indonesia
In most cases the Europeans traded peacefully with the Asians (partly because they were unable to
subjugate them)The two exceptions were the Philippines and Indonesia where Europeans were able to use massive force to establish imperial regimesSlide15
Trading Post Empires: Philippines and Indonesia
The Spanish arrived in the Philippines in 1565
, controlled most of the coastal regions by 1575, and controlled most of the archipelago during the 17th CenturySpanish activities revolved around trade and Christianity(Today the Philippines are 83% Roman Catholic)The most prominent area was the port of Manila which supported the trade of silk from China with New World silver from Mexico“Manila galleons” transported cargo from the Philippines to MexicoSlide16
Trading Post Empires: Philippines and Indonesia
In Indonesia, the Dutch focused on trade and did not try to win converts to Christianity
Took from Portuguese (Today Indonesia is 88% Muslim)The VOC established a monopoly over the spice trade, seeking less to rule than to control spice productionUsed a variety of techniquesFormed local alliances, uprooted plants on islands they did not control, attacked people who sold their spices to othersSlide17Slide18
New Colonial RivalsSlide19
Commercial competition ultimately generated violenceIn 1746 French forces seized the English trading post at Madras, IndiaIn the Caribbean English pirates attacked Spanish vessels and French and English forces fought over the sugar islands
The violence culminated in the
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)Trading Post Empires: Seven Years’ WarSlide20
Trading Post Empires: Seven Years’ War
A global war
In Europe, Britain and Prussia fought against France, Austria, and RussiaIn India, British and French allied with local rulers and fought each otherIn the Caribbean, the Spanish and French fought the BritishIn North America, the Seven Years’ War merged with the on-going French and Indian War (1754-1763) which pitted the British and French against each otherSlide21
Trading Post Empires: Seven Years’ War
In the end Britain emerged victorious, but challenges continued
Still Britain was now in a position to dominate world trade for the foreseeable futureThe Seven Years’ War paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire of the 19th CenturySlide22
Mughal India and European Traders
The
British East India Company and the French East India Company both operated in Indian coastal towns with the permission of the Mughal rulers. When Britain and France went to war in the mid-1700s, the British and their Indian sepoys drove the French out of India. The British then came to dominate the subcontinent.European Footholds in South and Southeast AsiaSlide23Slide24
Mughal India & European Traders
A CENTER OF VALUABLE TRADE
Besides producing spices, India was the world leader in textile manufacturing.It exported large quantities of silk and cotton cloth.The Mughal empire was larger, richer, and more powerful than any kingdom in Europe. Several weak rulers held the throne in the early 1700s.Slide25
A GREAT EMPIRE SHATTERSCorruption became widespread, and the central government eventually collapsed.
Both the English and French East India Companies made alliances with local officials and independent rajahs.
By the mid-1700s, the British and the French had become locked in a bitter struggle for global power. In 1756, war between Britain and France erupted in Europe.The fighting soon spread, involving both nations’ lands in Asia and the Americas. Mughal India & European TradersSlide26Slide27
Progress Monitoring Transparency
7 of 7Slide28
European Contact with Ming China
The Ming allowed Europeans to come and trade, but they limited their visits to one area and to one season. Christian missionaries were welcomed for their knowledge of many subjects, but had little success in converting the Chinese.
1 of 7The Beginnings of Our Global Age:Europe, Africa, and AsiaEncounters in East Asia