PRETEST Elements of Fiction CHOOSE THE CORRECT LITERARY TERM FROM THE CHOICES PROVIDED 1 Which of the following is an element of plot A Symbolism B Setting C Conflict D Mood 2 The ID: 699711
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Slide1
Elements of Fiction
Literary Terms & Techniques in American Short FictionSlide2
PRETEST
Elements of FictionSlide3
CHOOSE THE CORRECT
LITERARY TERM
FROM THE CHOICES PROVIDED.Slide4
1. Which of the following is an element of
plot
?
A. Symbolism
B. Setting
C. Conflict
D. MoodSlide5
2. The
attitude of a writer toward a subject or an
audience, generally
conveyed through
his or her
choice of
words, is called
A. Symbolism
B. Mood
C. Denouement
D. ToneSlide6
3. The occasion of greatest tension, the decisive moment or the turning point in the plot of a story is referred to as the story’s
A. Resolution
B. Climax
C. Conflict
D. ToneSlide7
4. The main
idea or an underlying meaning of a
story that
may be stated directly or
indirectly is the _____________ of the story.
A. Symbol
B. Conflict
C. Setting
D. ThemeSlide8
5. The central, main or leading character or figure in a story is the
A. Antagonist
B. Foil
C. Protagonist
D. DenouementSlide9
6.
When words
are used in
such a
way that their intended meaning
differs
from
their
actual
meaning or when a situation ends
up in quite a different way than what
was anticipated, an author is using which of the following literary techniques?
A. Symbolism
B. Irony
C. Mood
D. ToneSlide10
7. Authors often use ______ to create suspense by giving readers clues or hints about what will happen later in a story.
A. Symbolism
B. Tone
C. Foreshadowing
D. IronySlide11
8. The atmosphere or distinctive emotional quality of a story is referred to as
A. Tone
B. Mood
C. Setting
D. ConflictSlide12
9. ______________ refers to the perspective from which a story is told or its mode of narration.
A. Point of View
B. Symbolism
C. Irony
D. ProtagonistSlide13
10. The process by which an author reveals or develops the personality of a participant in a story is called
A. Point of View
B. Irony
C. Mood
D. CharacterizationSlide14
11. A literary device used to introduce a reader to background information integral or crucial to the plot of a story is called
A. Denouement
B. Exposition
C. Climax
D. Falling ActionSlide15
12. The final outcome of a complex sequence of events or the resolution of the conflict in a story is called
A. Falling Action
B. Climax
C. Rising Action
D. DenouementSlide16
13. Using an object, action or word to stand for an abstract idea or concept is called
A. Symbolism
B. Tone
C. Irony
D. PlotSlide17
14.
A
literary element that involves a
struggle, either internal or external,
between two opposing
forces is called
A. Plot
B. Tone
C. Irony
D. ConflictSlide18
15. Which literary element includes
the historical moment in time and geographic location in which a story takes
place
and
describes the
main backdrop and mood for a
story?
A. Setting
B. Mood
C. Tone
D. PlotSlide19
Identifying the Elements of Plot, Setting, Conflict, Character and Foreshadowing in “A Sound of Thunder”
Ray Bradbury’s groundbreaking science fiction short storySlide20
RAY BRADBURY (1920-2012)
-Celebrated American science fiction writer
-One of the most important writers of the 20
th
century
-Author of
The Martian Chronicles
and
Fahrenheit 451
-
The film
The Butterfly Effect
was based on an idea Bradbury first articulated in his short story “A Sound of Thunder”
“We
are cups, constantly and quietly being filled. The trick is, knowing how to tip ourselves over and let the beautiful stuff out.”
- Ray BradburySlide21
ELEMENTS OF PLOT
A story’s
plot
is composed of the chain of events that lead to an ultimate resolution of the central
conflict
in the story.Slide22
ELEMENTS OF PLOT
Exposition
—background information about characters and setting at the beginning of a story
Rising Action
—a related series of incidents or events moving the plot of a story toward the point of greatest interest or tension
Climax
—the moment of greatest tension or the turning point in a story
Falling Action
—the actions following the climax of a story, which lead to the resolution of the central conflict
Denouement/Resolution
—the final outcome of the storySlide23
CONFLICT
A conflict is a
literary element
involving a
struggle between two opposing
forces, typically a
protagonist
and
antagonist
; however, a conflict may be external or internal.Slide24
TWO TYPES OF CONFLICT
1. An
internal
(or psychological)
conflict
occurs when a character experiences opposing emotions
or
desires.
2. An
external conflict
occurs when
a character finds
herself or himself struggling against outside
forces that hamper
that character’s progress.Slide25
EXTERNAL CONFLICT
An
external conflict
occurs when a character finds herself or himself struggling against outside forces that hamper that character’s
progress. This type of
conflict
typically occurs between a
protagonist
and
antagonist
.Slide26
SETTING
The setting is the environment in which a story or event takes place. Setting can include specific information about
time and place
[
e.g
. Boston, Massachusetts, in
1809]
or can simply be
descriptive
[
eg
. a lonely farmhouse on a dark night
). From
The Writer’s Craft
, 2014
.Slide27
FORESHADOWING
Foreshadowing is a way of indicating or hinting at what will come
later in a story. It is a literary technique that writers often use to create suspense. From
The Writer’s Craft
, 2014.Slide28
Identifying Elements of Plot, Setting, Conflict and Character in “A Sound of Thunder”
First Step:
Follow along with the text of Bradbury’s “A Sound of Thunder.”
While you are listening and reading, use your highlighter to note key elements of the
plot
and make quick
annotations
(brief notes) in the margins of your text about the sequence of events in the story.
Identify the
protagonist
and
antagonist
in the story. Label each one in the margins of your text.Slide29
Identifying Elements of Plot, Setting, Conflict and Character in “A Sound of Thunder”
Second Step:
Review the graphic organizer that illustrates the
elements of plot
(exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement/resolution).
With a partner, discuss which events/information fit into the categories associated with the
elements of plot.
After discussing each element with your partner, record these events in the appropriate spaces of your graphic organizer and glue or staple your completed graphic organizer into your Writer’s Notebook.Slide30
Identifying Elements of Plot, Setting, Conflict and Character in “A Sound of Thunder”
Third Step:
In your Writer’s Notebook, answer the following questions:
1. Who are the
protagonist
and
antagonis
t in the story? Describe their
conflict
.
2. Describe the major
settings
for the action of the story. List some of the words that Bradbury uses to describe those
settings
.
3. Describe an instance of
foreshadowing
in the story. How does it help to create suspense?Slide31
FORESHADOWING
Lesperance
explains
to
Eckles
the
danger that small
changes in the
past could have catastrophic
effects on the future foreshadows the changes that
occur at the end of the story.
The
persistent warnings to
Eckles
and others to stay off the path suggest that he or another character will eventually step off the path.Slide32
Thematic Reflection
The
theme
is
the main idea or message
that an author is attempting to get across in a story. In “A Sound of Thunder,” the theme appears to be the idea that small actions can have major consequences.
Write at least one full page in your
Writer’s Notebook
reflecting on the relationship between our actions and their consequences or create a piece of short fiction with the same
theme
as “A Sound of Thunder.”Slide33
Identifying Symbolism and Allegory in Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown” and King’s “The Man in the Black Suit”
Understanding Short Stories on a Figurative and Literal LevelSlide34
Symbolism
Using an object, action or word to stand for an abstract idea or conceptSlide35
Allegory
-
a
story in which the characters and events are
symbols
that stand for ideas about human
life
-most common example is the
fable
-story not meant to be taken literally, but
figurativelySlide36
Meaning: Literal v. Figurative
LITERAL
a
ctual
and
exact
meaning of a word or event
The “dictionary definition” of a word
T
aking
words in their usual or most basic sense without metaphor or allegory
FIGURATIVE
When speech or writing is not literal, it
is
figurative
, like when you say you have a ton of
homework. [From
Vocabulary.com.
]
Synonym:
metaphorical
“a
meaning that is different from the basic
meaning”
Merriam-Webster
Not literalSlide37
Allegory
Look at this short clip from the film
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
,
in which Hermione reads the
allegorical
“Tale of the Three Brothers.”
Video Link
What ideas can be represented by characters or events from this story?Slide38
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
-1804-1864
-Shares distinction as America’s original ‘
goth
’ with Edgar Allan Poe (root,
Gothic
)
-author of
The Scarlet Letter
-
Dark Romanticism
: pessimistic literature which views human nature as prone to self-destruction (often involves the supernatural, the sinister, and dark imagery)Slide39
Symbolism and Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”
First Step: Understanding the Story
As you read and listen to the story, answer the Reading Comprehension Questions. They are written in the order of the story.
This counts as one of your Reading Comprehension/Critical Reading Quizzes.Slide40
Potential Symbols in “Young Goodman Brown”
The Path
The Wilderness
Faith’s Pink Ribbons
The Old Man’s Serpent-Headed Staff
**What about the
Old Man
himself, or even
“Goodman”
Brown?Slide41
Symbolism and Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”
Second Step: Identifying the Symbols
Re-read the story and use your highlighter to mark where at least two (out of three) symbols appear in the text.
On each of your 2 symbolism handouts (Symbol Graphic), draw a graphic representation of one of the symbols you have identified.
Write down a portion of the line in which the symbol appeals in the text.Slide42
Symbolism and Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”
Second Step: Understanding the Symbols
After you have created a graphic representation of each symbol and identified its location in the text, write down your opinion about what you believe the symbol represents.
Tape, staple or glue your handouts into your
Writer’s Notebook.Slide43
Symbolism and Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”
Third Step: Thematic Reflection #2
Create
at least one
full-page entry in your
Writer’s Notebook
that
explores the idea of a journey into darkness in your own life.
OR
Create
your
own
allegory
. Be sure to pay attention to how your symbols or characters will represent your ideas about human life/morality. Slide44
Indirect and Direct Characterization in Stephen King’s “The Man in the Black Suit”
Revealing personality through
express
statements and by
implicationSlide45
CHARACTERIZATION
The process by which an author reveals or develops the personality of a participant in a storySlide46
Direct v. Indirect Characterization
DIRECT CHARACTERIZATION
Direct Characterization
occurs when the author tells
the audience what the personality of
a character
is.
Example: “The patient boy and quiet girl were both well mannered and did not disobey their
mother
.”
Explanation: The author is directly telling the audience the personality of these two children. The
boy
is “
patient,”
and the girl is “quiet.”
INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION
Indirect
Characterization
occurs when the author gives clues or hints about the
personality of a
character through five basic methods (
STEAL
):
Speech
: What
does the character say? How does the character speak?
Thoughts
: What
is revealed through the character’s private
thoughts
and feelings?
Effect
On
O
thers
: What
is revealed through the
character’s effect
on other people? How do
other
characters feel or behave in reaction to the character?
Actions
: How
does the character behave?
Looks
: What does the character look like? How does
the
character
dress?Slide47
Characterization in “A Sound of Thunder”
Direct Characterization
“
Sh
!” Travis jerked angrily. “He hasn’t seen us yet.”
What character trait is
expressly
revealed?
Indirect Characterization:
“’ . . . Traveling you back in time sixty million years to bag the biggest game in all of Time. Your personal check’s still there. Tear it up.’
Mr.
Eckels
looked at the check. His fingers twitched.”
What character trait can we
infer
?Slide48
Characterization in “Young Goodman Brown”
Direct Characterization:
“Goodman Brown recognized a very pious and exemplary dame.”
What character trait is
expressly
revealed?
Indirect Characterization:
“On the Sabbath day, when the congregation were singing a holy psalm, he could not listen because an anthem of sin rushed loudly upon his ear . . . “
What character trait can we
infer
?Slide49
Stephen King
-Born 1947 (still alive, of course)
-Author of 55 novels and almost 200 short stories
-Considered a master of horror and suspense, as well as the modern-day Edgar Allan Poe
-”The Man in the Black Suit” is King’s
homage
(tribute) to Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown.”Slide50
Activities for your Writer’s Notebook
In your
Literature Circles
, each group member should have a different role for each section of the reading. There will be three sections.
There are four roles so you will not be performing all of the tasks; however, no more than two group members can perform the same task simultaneously.
At least one group member must serve as a summarizer for each section.
Each group member must add at least one indirect and one direct example of characterization per section to their
Characterization Charts
.Slide51
Point of View and Irony in Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery”
Exploring Perspective and Plot TwistsSlide52
Point of View
the perspective from which a story is told or its mode of
narrationSlide53
Multiple Perspectives and Points of View
Objective Point of View
T
he
writer tells what happens without stating more than can be inferred from the story's action and dialogue. The narrator never discloses anything about what the characters think or feel, remaining a
detached
observer.
Third Person Point of View
T
he
narrator does not participate in the action of the story as one of the characters, but lets us know exactly how the characters feel. We learn about the characters through this outside
voice.Slide54
Multiple Perspectives and Points of View
First Person Point of View
The narrator participates in
the action of the
story and what
the narrator is recounting might not be the objective truth. We should question the trustworthiness of the accounting
.
Narrator uses first-person pronoun “I”
Omniscient and Limited Omniscient Points of View
A narrator who knows everything about all the characters is
all knowing
, or
omniscient
.
A narrator whose knowledge is limited to one character, either major or minor, has a
limited omniscient point of viewSlide55
IRONY
A meaningful contradiction
between appearance and reality, between expectation and outcome, or between meaning and intention.Slide56Slide57Slide58Slide59Slide60Slide61Slide62Slide63Slide64Slide65Slide66Slide67
Three Types of Irony
Verbal Irony
Occurs when someone says something that deliberately contradicts what that person actually means
Situational Irony
Occurs when something happens that contradicts our
expectations
Dramatic Irony
Occurs when the reader or audience is aware of a contradiction that a
character does
not
knowSlide68
Identifying Point of View in “The Lottery”
“There
was a great deal of fussing to be done before Mr. Summers declared the lottery open. There
were the
lists to make up-
-heads
of
families,
heads of households in each
family, members
of
each household
in each family. There was the proper swearing-in of Mr. Summers by the postmaster, as
the official
of the lottery; at one time, some people remembered, there had been a recital of some
sort, performed
by the official of the lottery, a
perfunctory,
tuneless chant that had been rattled off duly
each year
; some people believed that the official of the lottery used to stand just so when he said or sang
it, others
believed that he was supposed to walk among the people, but years and years ago this
part
of
the ritual
had been allowed to
lapse.”Slide69
Recognizing Irony in “The Lottery”
"They do say," Mr. Adams said to Old Man Warner, who stood next to him, "that over in the
north village
they're talking of giving up the lottery."
Old Man Warner snorted. "Pack of crazy fools," he said. "Listening to the young folks, nothing's
good enough
for them. Next thing you know, they'll be wanting to go back to living in
caves . . . Used
to be a saying about 'Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.' First
thing you
know, we'd all be eating stewed chickweed and acorns. There's always been a lottery," he
added petulantly
. "Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody."
"Some places have already quit
lotteries,"
Mrs. Adams said.
"Nothing but trouble in that," Old Man Warner said stoutly. "Pack of young fools."
WHAT OTHER EXAMPLES OF IRONY DID YOU OBSERVE?Slide70
Discussion: Contemporary Connection
Reaping in Suzanne Collins’ novel
The Hunger Games
may have been inspired by “The Lottery.”
Watch the clip from the reaping clip from the film.
What similarities and differences can you recognize?Slide71
Thematic Reflection #16
OPTION ONE
:
In
what way might our life be a lottery?
We
don’t choose the culture or society into which we are born; we don’t choose the
parents or guardians who raise us, and we may not choose important elements of our life like our religion or political viewpoint.
Do we shape our world or does the world shape us? Explain your answer.
OPTION TWO:
Man
Warner justifies the events of the story
based on superstition and tradition. What are some actions and beliefs in contemporary American society that are justified primarily by tradition and superstition?Slide72
Using Mood and Tone to Create Tension
Donald Barthelme’s “Game”Slide73
DONALD BARTHELME
1931-1989
One of the original founders of the University of Houston Creative Writing Program
Newspaper reporter for the
Houston Post
Winner of National Book AwardSlide74
TONE
Tone is
an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience. Tone is generally conveyed through the
choice of words
or the viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject.Slide75
Observe the
tone
of
another
short
story
by Donald
Barthelme “The
School.”
“And the trees all died. They were orange trees. I don’t know why they died, they just died. Something wrong with the soil possibly or maybe the stuff we got from the nursery wasn’t the best. We complained about it. So we’ve got thirty kids there, each kid had his or her own little tree to plant and we’ve got these thirty dead trees. All these kids looking at these little brown sticks, it was depressing
.”
The use of adjectives “dead” and “depressing” sets a
gloomy tone
in the passage. As trees signify life here, their unexpected “death” from an unknown cause gives the above passage an
unhappy and pessimistic tone
.
From
LiteraryDevices.netSlide76
MOOD
T
he
atmosphere of a literary piece,
which engages a reader’s emotions.
Mood
can
be developed
through setting, theme
,
tone
and
diction
(choice of words).Slide77
Journal Activity: Identifying Mood and Tone in “Game”
Select three quotations from the story and write them in your journal.
Explain how Barthelme’s choice of words (diction) establishes the mood and/or tone in each of the quotations you choose.