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Week 13 Review Topic:   The Ablative Case Week 13 Review Topic:   The Ablative Case

Week 13 Review Topic: The Ablative Case - PowerPoint Presentation

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Week 13 Review Topic: The Ablative Case - PPT Presentation

The Ablative Case The Ablative Case in Latin is really a combination of THREE of the original Proto IndoEuropean cases The Ablative which contains the genuine ablative uses ID: 747607

preposition ablative time est ablative preposition est time place case ablatives occurs cum translate adjective prepositions noun verbs action

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Slide1

Week 13 Review Topic:

The Ablative Case

Slide2

The Ablative Case

The

Ablative Case

in Latin is really a combination of THREE of the original

Proto Indo-European

cases:

The Ablative

: which contains the “genuine ablative” uses = “

from

…”

The

Ablative of Separation

The

Ablative of Comparison

The

Ablative of Personal Agent

The

Ablative of Source

The Instrumental

: which is basically the “

with

…” case

The

Ablative of Means

The

Ablative of Degree of Difference

The

Ablative of Manner

The

Ablative of Description/Quality

The

Ablative of Accompaniment

The

Ablative of Price

The

Ablative of Cause

The

Ablative of Specification

The

Ablative of Attendant Circumstance

The

Ablative Absolute

The Locative

: which is the “

place

where

…” case

The

Ablative of Place Where

The

Ablative of Place from Which

The

Ablative of Time When

The

Ablative of Time Within Which

We will learn each of the uses of the ablative as organized under these three categories.Slide3

Ablative

of Separation

(with

ab, dē, or ex or w/o preposition)Occurs with a verb that contains the sense of separation (to free, lack, deprive, prevent, etc.) to indicate the thing being prevented, removed, or lackingTranslation depends on context, but you can often use “from”Metū eōs līberāvit = He freed them from fear. Pecuniā careō. = I lack money. Ab urbe eōs prohibuit = He kept them from the city. You should learn the verbs that commonly take an Ablative of Separation. Ablative with Cardinal Numerals (w/prepositions dē, or ex)This is related to both the Ablative of Separation and the Partitive Genitive, which also frequently occurs after Cardinal NumeralsTranslate with “of”Tres ex navibus discessērunt = Three of the ships departed.

Genuine AblativesSlide4

Ablative of Personal Agent

(w/preposition ab

)

Occurs with passive verbs, indicates the person who performs the actionTranslate with “by”Ab eius amicō id scrīptum est = It was written by his friend. A Caesare accusatus est. = He was accused by Caesar. Ablative of Source (usually w/o preposition)Occurs after participles or adjectives to describe one’s parentage. The participles most commonly used are: ortus and natus. This type of ablative usually occurs without a preposition, but occasionally ab is used, especially to denote more remote descent. The preposition ex often occurs with pronouns. Translate with “from...”Jove natus est. = He was born from Juppiter.Nobili genere

ortus est. = He was born from a noble family.Ab Ulixe ortus est. = He was descended from Ulysses.

Genuine AblativesSlide5

Ablative of Comparison

(w/o preposition)

Occurs after an

adjective or adverb in the comparative degree.This type of ablative is used in place of the quam (+ same case) construction to describe the thing compared to whatever is modified by the comparative, and usually only when that first element stands in the nominative or accusative case. Translate with “than...”Filia eius pulchrior uxore erat. = His daughter was prettier than his wife.Servī sunt miseriorēs līberīs. = Slaves are more miserable than free men. Omnēs sciunt fortius esse

verbum

gladio. = Everyone knows that the word is stronger than the sword. Compare, instead, the quam (+ same case) construction:Hic vir est clārior

quam Caesar. = This man is more famous than Caesar.

Genuine AblativesSlide6

Instrumental Ablatives

Ablative of Means

(w/o preposition)Indicates the means or instrument used to complete the action of the verb. Translate with “with…” or “by means of…” or “by…”Suā manū id scrīpsit = He wrote it with his own hand.Alexander sagittā vulneratus est. = Alexander was wounded

by an arrow

. A special set of 5 deponent verbs take an ablative of means that functions similar to the direct object in English. We sometimes call them the “PUFFV” verbs to remember them. Potior, potīrī, potītus sum – to possess*Ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum – to use**

F

ruor, fruī, fructus sum – to enjoyFungor, fungī, functus sum – to perform, doVescor, vescī

, [

vescus

] – to eatFerrō ūtitur = He uses a sword. (lit. “he benefits himself by means of a sword”)Nōn audent ūtī nāvibus = They do not dare to use the ships. There are several other subtypes of the Ablative of Means covered in Bennett #218. You should look them over, especially the Abl. of Way by Which.

What case and why?

“Abl. obj. of utor”“Abl. of means w/utor”Slide7

Instrumental Ablatives

Ablative of Manner

(with

cum or with adjective)Describes how the action occurs. This is the most adverbial use of the ablativeUses cum or, if an adjective modifies the ablative, the preposition is optional. When the preposition is used with the adjective, it usually appears in this order:[Adjective [cum] Ablative Noun]Remember: You want to graduate “summa cum

laude

.” Rule: “The ablative of manner needs to be composed of at least two words,” which is why the cum is necessary when there is no adjective. Cum curā

id scrīpsit. = He wrote it with care.

Magnā

(cum) curā id scrīpsit. = He wrote it with great care. Magnā gravitate loquitur. = He speaks

with

great dignity

. When deciding if an ablative that you encounter is an

Ablative of Manner

, you can confirm this by changing the noun phrase into an adverb. If you can do this without greatly changing the meaning of the phrase, then it is likely the

Ablative of Manner

.

There are some uses related to the

Ablative of Manner

;

be sure the check them out in Bennett 220 (especially the

Ablative of Accordance

) and 221 (

Ablative of Attendant Circumstance

).Slide8

Instrumental Ablatives

Ablative of Accompaniment

(

w/preposition cum)Indicates a person, group, or thing that accompanies the action, often with verbs of motion. The preposition cum is usually required, but in early authors or in military narratives, when the noun is modified by an adjective the cum is optional. Translate with “with…”Cum amicō profectus est. = He set out with his friend.

Sequebatur

omnibus copiis -or- Sequebatur cum omnibus copiis

. = He follows

with all his troops. Ablative of Degree of Difference (w/o preposition)After

comparative adjectives/adverbs

or

words implying comparison (for instance post, ante, infra, or supra), the Ablative of Degree of Difference is used to describe the difference between the two things being compared. Eius frater tribus

pedibus

altior est. = His brother is

taller

by three feet

.

Paulo

post

profectus

est. = He set out

a little

later

. Slide9

Instrumental Ablatives

Ablative of

Description/Quality

(w/o prep., always modified by an adjective)This is related to the Genitive of Description and is used to denote the characteristics or quality of another noun. While the Abl. and Gen. of Description both express characteristic, quality, or size, the Ablative is typically used to denote physical characteristics. Translate with “of…” or “with…”Vir est magnā

prudentiā

. = He is a man of great wisdom.Est miles firmā manu. = He is a soldier

with

a strong hand.

Ablative of Price

(w/o preposition)After verbs or selling or buying (for instance, ēmo or vendo), the Ablative of Price designates the price or value of the thing bought or sold. Some adjectives (for instance, magno, plurimo, parvo

,

minimo) in the ablative will designate indefinite price, as though modifying an implied pretio.

Servum

quinque

minis

emit

. =

He bought

the slave

for five

minae

.

Aedes

magno

vendidit

.

=

He

sold

the

house

for

a high price

.

See Bennett #225 and #203.4 for a comparison to the

Genitive of Price

. Slide10

Instrumental Ablatives

Ablative of

Respect/Specification

(w/o preposition)This use of the Ablative denotes in what respect the verb or adjective holds true. Adjectives that describe worth (dignus or indignus, for example). Translate with “in…” or “in respect to…” of “of…” (with adj. of worth)Hi omnes lingua, institutis,

legibus

inter se differunt. = These all differ from one another in language, customs, and laws.Sunt digni

honore. = They are worthy of honor

.

Ablative of Cause

(w/o preposition)The ablative can be used to designate the cause or reason for the action. This use of the ablative can occur with any type of action, but it is especially common with verbs denoting mental states: gaudeo, laetor,

glorior

, fido, confido,

etc.

Translate with “

because of

…” or “

with

…” or “

from

…” or something else that makes sense from the context.

Multa

gloriae

cupiditate

fecit

. = He did many things

because of a desire

for glory.

Aper

dentibus

timetur

.

=

The boar is feared

because

of

his teeth

.

Fortuna

amici

gaudeo

.

=

I rejoice

because of the fortune

of my friend.Slide11

Instrumental Ablatives

Ablative

Absolute

(w/o preposition)The Ablative Absolute also falls under the category of the Instrumental Ablative. The noun subject and the participle (or other predicate adjective/noun) of the Ablative Absolute will always stand in the ablative case. The Ablative Absolute usually shows the general circumstances behind the action of the main verb, but the A2 can also describe Time, Cause

,

Opposition, or Condition.For other details on the A2, consult the review PPT that covers uses of Participles. Beyond the basic translations of the A2

(“

with the noun…,” you can also render it to show Time (“When…”), Cause (“Because…”), Opposition (“Although…”), or Condition (“If…”). Caesare duce, nihil

timebimus

.

= With Caesar as leader, we will fear nothing. His rebus auditis, coepit timere. = With these things having been heard, he began to fear. Slide12

The Ablatives developed from the Locative

Ablative of Time When

(

no preposition, but occasionally in)Nouns that describe time stand in the ablative to indicate the time when the action occurs.If the noun is a “time word” (tempus, hora, dies, etc.), no preposition is required, but in will be used if the noun does not directly indicate time. Translate using “at…” or “in…” or “on

…”

Eō tempore iit. = He went at that time. Quartā

horā mortuus est. = He died at the fourth hour.

Multi

in bello moriuntur. = Many die in war. Ablative of Time Within Which (no preposition)Indicates

a single point in

time within a larger period in which the action occurs.

Again, the

noun will be some sort of “time word” =

tempus, hora

,

annus

etc.

Translate using

within

…”

Paucis

horis

domum

ibit

. = He will go home

within a few hours

.

Tribus diēbus

Cicero rem publicam ē periculo eripiet

. =

Within three days

Cicero will save the Republic from danger.

Very rarely the

Ablative of Time

cannot denote

Duration

(instead of the usual

Accusative

). Slide13

The Ablatives developed from the Locative

Place constructions in Latin use prepositions or not according to this rule:

“ALL place constructions require prepositions except for the names of cities, towns, small islands,

domus, humus, and rus.” [LEARN THIS RULE!] Ablative of Place Where (w/prepositions in or sub)This use of the ablative describes the place where something exists or action occurs. Translate using “at…” or “in…” or “

on

…” or “under…”In illa urbe

visa est. = She was seen in that city.

Nihil

sub sole est novum. = There is nothing new under the sun. For the names of cities

,

towns, small

islands,

domus

,

humus

,

and

rus

, Latin uses the remnants of the actual

Locative Case

to denote

Place Where

:

The

Locative Case

is identical to the

Ablative

for all plurals and nouns in the 3

rd

, 4

th

, and 5

th

declensions.

For singular nouns of the 1

st

and 2

nd

declension, the

Locative

will match the

genitive

.

Romae

visus

est. =

He

was seen

at Rome

.

Athenis

habitat.

= He

lives

in Athens

. Slide14

The Ablatives developed from the Locative

Remember: “ALL place constructions require prepositions except for the names of cities, towns, small islands,

domus

, humus, and rus.” [LEARN THIS RULE!] Ablative of Place from Which (w/prepositions ab, de, or ex or w/o preposition)This use of the ablative describes the place from which a person or thing departs. As such, it usually occurs with a verb of motion. Like ALL place constructions, prepositions will be used if the place is something other than the name of a city, town, small island, or domus, humus, and rus.

Translate

using “from…” or “out of…” or “down from…”

Multi

ex agris in urbem venient

.

=

Many will come from the fields into the city. Cicero hostes ab urbe misit. = Cicero sent

the enemy away from the city.

Romā

profectus

est

. =

He set out

from Rome

.Slide15

Learning Ablative Uses

When learning the various uses of the Ablative, be sure to remember which uses require prepositions (and which prepositions they use).

Keep in mind things that regularly occur with each use of the Ablative (specific types of verbs, adjectives, etc.).

For your review quiz, be ready to list the common structures of each use of the ablative (including prepositions, adjectives, verbs, etc.) and to describe how each use functions.