APUSH Review: Key Concept 2.1 - PowerPoint Presentation

APUSH Review: Key Concept 2.1 Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 2.1 To Succeed In APUSH www.Apushreview.com Period 2 : 1607 - 1754

The New Curriculum Key Concept 2.1 “Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.”Page 27 of the Curriculum Framework Big ideas: What were similarities in colonization among the Spanish, French, Dutch, and English?What were the experiences like with Native Americans with these European countries?How and why did slavery evolve in these colonies?How did climate and geography affect British colonies?

Key Concept 2.1 “Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.” - Page 27 of the Curriculum FrameworkSpain established strict control over colonization and converted and exploited many nativesA major goal of Spain was to make $All trade must go through a few Spanish controlled portsSmall amount of Spaniards ruled indigenous populationSpain sought to convert natives to Christianity, forced many into the encomienda system, and used as trading partners English Colonization: Colonies were based on agriculture, large number of immigrants, hostile relations with Natives Tobacco became a large cash crop Headright system encouraged immigrants – benefitted the wealthy Conflicts with natives – Powhatans , Bacon’s Rebellion, Pequot War, King Philip’s War

Key Concept 2.1, I “Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.” - Page 27 of the Curriculum FrameworkFrench and Dutch colonization:French – intermarried with natives and built extensive trading partnershipsCoureurs de bois – French fur traders – trade beaver furs; would live among natives; helped lead to an alliance with the Algonquin Indians Dutch – Like the French, the Dutch build extensive trade routes – mostly in NY Encouraged settlement of the New World – New Netherland

Key Concept 2.1 “The British-American system of slavery developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British-controlled regions of the New World.” - Page 27 of the Curriculum FrameworkEnglish colonies encouraged immigration of men, women, and families who rarely intermarried with natives and/or AfricansHeadright system encouraged more immigrants since landowners would receive additional landTract of land given to encourage settlement– especially families. Why was there an emergence of the Atlantic slave trade: Abundance of land – labor was needed for agriculture; Shortage of indentured servants – especially after Bacon’s rebellion in 1676 Hard to enslave natives – knew the land, were not immune to European diseases (many Africans were); increased demand for colonial goods required more labor

Key Concept 2.1 Slavery in British colonies:Based on a belief of racial superiority; children of slaves became slaves as well Families could be broken up at any time; slaves relied on kinship networks and “surrogate relatives”Slave resistance:Most likely resistance was covert – working slowly, faking illness, running away, breaking tools, etc.Sometimes rebellion did occur – Stono Rebellion (1739 – South Carolina) 100 Africans killed several whites and tried to flee to Spanish Florida Most were executed, more harsh laws were passed

Key Concept 2.1, III “Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies.” - Page 28 of the Curriculum Framework Most of New England was based on Puritan beliefs:Wanted to purify the Anglican Church, not separateBelieved in predestinationJohn Winthrop’s “City upon a Hill”Little religious toleration for othersTown-hall meetings – church members had tremendous power New England economy: Some agriculture, fishing, commerce – Boston becomes a major port city Colder climate, rocky terrain did not allow large plantations Middle Colonies: Tended to be the most diverse demographically, religiously, and ethnically Women in Pennsylvania had more rights – Quakers allowed women equal positions in church Immigrants from Germany

Key Concept 2.1, III Continued Chesapeake colonies (MD and VA) and North Carolina:Heavily relied on tobacco – plantations developed – long work days and growing seasons Exhausted land – led to expansion and conflicts with natives (Bacon’s again!) Up to the late 17th century, most labor was made up of indentured servants After Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), there was a switch to African slaverySouthern colonies and West Indies:In South Carolina and Georgia, rice was a major staple crop Very arduous labor – long days and long growing season Many white laborers refused to work in rice fields – led to an increase in slave labor In many instances, slaves made up a significant (if not majority) part of the population Led to the development of slave codes – laws to regulate slave behavior Gave incredible power to slave owners

Test Tips Multiple-Choice Questions:Goals of European colonizationDifferences between British and other coloniesImpact of religion in British colonies (Puritans)Short Answer: Comparing British colonies (geography, religion, economy)Essay Questions:Reasons for the development of slavery

Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 2.2 To Succeed In APUSH APUSH Review: Key Concept 2.2 www.Apushreview.com Period 2: 1607- 1754

The New Curriculum Key Concept 2.2 “European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.”Page 29 of the Curriculum Framework Big ideas: How and why did Europeans begin to compete with each other in North America?How did the conflicts lead to social and political changes between Europeans and natives?

Key Concept 2.2 “Competition over resources between European rivals led to conflict within and between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.” - Page 29 of the Curriculum Framework Conflicts among Europeans spread to North America and affected Natives:French and English conflicts – Fort Necessity (George Washington)British were able to offer more goods to natives, whereas the French were more tolerant of natives (and intermarried with natives)During the French and Indian (Seven Years) War, almost all natives were allied with the French – not the Iroquois

Key Concept 2.2 Each European nation sought to acquire valuables and new labor:English focused on tobacco; used indentured servants -> slavesFrench focused on furs in Ohio value; traded with natives European and colonial interests often varied:Colonists wanted to expand (especially post 7 Years War); Britain forbade it– Proclamation Line of 1763Britain passed acts to raise $ - Molasses Act; many colonists smuggledWould become a major point of contention between 1763 and 1776

Key Concept 2.2 “Clashes between European and American Indian social and economic values caused changes in both cultures.” - Page 29 of the Curriculum FrameworkContact with Europeans increased trade, diseases, and drastically changed native life:As time passed, Europeans increasingly encroached on native landIn 1600, there was 100,000 natives in New England, 10,000 by 1675 – disease and dispersionKing Philip’s War – war between English and natives led by King Philip – Metacomet )  one of bloodiest native wars Trade with settlers– weapons

Pueblos:Native Americans that were located in Rio Grande region of the southwestern US (New Mexico, Arizona)Pueblo is Spanish for town; named after their distinct buildingsDon Juan de Onate defeated the PueblosSpanish established Santa Fe in 1610 Spanish ruled the Pueblos harshly 2,000 Spanish and 30,000 PueblosBackground Info

Why did it occur?Spanish priests and government suppressed Native practices that were inconsistent with Christianity Spanish demanded tribute and labor from NativesWhat happened?Pope (Native religious leader) killed hundreds and forced Spanish to fleeSpain regained control in 1696 Significance?Spanish sought to religiously assimilate the NativesPueblos were given more freedoms from the SpanishThe Rebellion

Test Tips Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions :Impact of European contact on natives:Loss of land, high death rates (disease), new weapons, increased fighting Changes to native life as a result of conflict with EuropeansContinued encroachment on landEssay Questions:Comparing colonization and views of natives by England and Spain

APUSH Review: Key Concept 2.3 Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 2.3 To Succeed In APUSH www.Apushreview.com Period 2: 1607- 1754

The New Curriculum Key Concept 2.3 “The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the ‘Atlantic World’ had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.” - Page 30 of the Curriculum Framework Big ideas: How did the colonists begin to develop an identity during this time?What impact did religion have on the colonies?

Key Concept 2.3 “‘Atlantic World’ commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American native peoples stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, and reshaped labor systems.” - Page 30 of the Curriculum FrameworkThe 17th century Atlantic trade created a labor market and exchange of goods:Growth of slavery in the Americas – began with Spanish and Portuguese traders in West Africa“Middle Passage” – Shipment of Africans in close quartered ships; would last several weeks or months Triangular trade – rum, sugar, molasses, and slaves were commonly traded on the Triangular Trade

Key Concept 2.3 What promoted Anglicization in the British colonies? (using more English norms and customs)Representative assemblies were similar to English governmentTrade between the colonies and England increased contact Enlightenment ideas from England and Europe traveled to AmericaAmericans later made similar contributions – Franklin and JeffersonReligious toleration in some colonies:Quakers in PA, Maryland Acts of Toleration – tolerance for ALL Christians Legal systems and customs: Trials by jury Evangelism: The 1 st Great Awakening saw George Whitefield from England travel to the colonies to spread religion

Key Concept 2.3 “Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy.” - Page 31 of the Curriculum FrameworkOver time, regional differences in colonies gave way to similarities in:Laws: crimes were redefined – John Peter Zenger Trial – could criticize government officials if it was true Institutions: colleges were established in different colonies – helped promote religion and increase literacy Governance within the context of the British imperial system: Prior to 1763, colonial governments acted independent of Parliament

Key Concept 2.3 Under mercantilism, the goal is for the Mother country (England) to make as much $ as possibleEngland’s goal of creating a unified imperial structure and enforcing strict mercantilist policies was not always successful: Navigation Acts – required colonists to export specific goods only to England or English colonies – tobaccoLed to widespread smuggling from colonial merchantsDominion of New England – combined Massachusetts with the rest of New England, and later New Jersey and New YorkAssemblies were eliminated and a new governor was appointed – Sir Edmund Andros who was very unpopular The Dominion was met with resistance and ended with “The Glorious Revolution” in England

Key Concept 2.3 For most of the early 18th century, England followed a policy of salutary neglect Colonies were mostly left alone to govern themselves; England took a hands off approach to governingThis would end in 1763 with the end of the Seven Years WarReasons for resistance to British imperial control: Salutary neglect led to colonial assemblies had significant power, often viewed themselves as “Parliament” The Enlightenment led many to question governments and desire more rights and new forms of government The Great Awakening created more religious diversity and a questioning of authority Colonists often saw themselves as “Englishmen,” even though English officials did not always agree

Test Tips Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions :Impact of the Great Awakening/ spread of religion:How did ideas spread? Why were they appealing? How did trade between ‘mother’ countries and colonies develop?Essay Questions:Reasons for and effects of new colonial identity

APUSH Review: The Enlightenment Everything You Need To Know About The Enlightenment To Succeed In APUSH www.Apushreview.com

The New Curriculum And The Enlightenment Key Concept 2.3, I, B: “Several factors promoted Anglicization in the British colonies: the growth of autonomous political communities based on English models, the development of commercial ties and legal structures, the emergence of trans-Atlantic print culture, Protestant evangelism, religious toleration, and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas .” Page 30 of the Curriculum frameworkThe Enlightenment had tremendous impact on American (and world) politics and societySince it is mentioned specifically, you should be very familiar with it

Background Info What was it?Movement that believed that reason and knowledge could lead to progress and advancements in society When did it occur?17th and 18 th centuries, originating in EuropeImpact of the Enlightenment?Helped challenge traditional authority

Key Enlightenment Thinkers John Locke:Two Treatises of GovernmentNatural rights – “life, liberty, and property.” “Consent of the governed” – government rules with people’s (governed) permission; people can overthrow governments if necessaryInfluenced the Declaration of IndependenceBaron de Montesquieu:The Spirit of LawsAdvocated checks and balances and separation of powersDividing power among branches would help prevent government abuse Influenced our current government system established under the Constitution Thomas Paine (T-Paine!): Common Sense Advocated the US to declare independence from England Influenced the Declaration of Independence

Impact of the Enlightenment Key ideas are seen in US government3 branches of governmentFreedom of speechThe ideas which encouraged individuals to challenge authority and unjust government helped inspire the American Revolution Enlightenment ideas were seen in other revolutions as well:French RevolutionLatin American Revolutions

Test Tips Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions:Excerpt of a reading, what are impacts?Short Answer – Identify and describe Enlightenment thinkers and their impactsEssay Questions:Causes of American Revolution – how did Enlightenment fit in?