1 Basic Structure of a Cell - PowerPoint Presentation

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1 Basic Structure of a Cell - PPT Presentation

copyright cmassengale 2 CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism basic unit of life Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells ID: 739521

copyright cell cells cmassengale cell copyright cmassengale cells membrane dna proteins organelles amp cytoplasm size surface mitochondria reticulum endoplasmic

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Slide1

Basic Structure of a Cell

CELL THEORY

All living things are made of

cellsCells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)

Cells come from the

reproduction of existing cells

(cell division)Slide3

Number of Cells

Organisms may be:

Unicellular –

composed of one cell

Multicellular

composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.

CELL SIZE

Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameterSlide5

How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ?

1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns

Factors Affecting Cell Size

Surface area

= L x WVolume of a cell = L x W x HTherefore,

Volume increases FASTER than the surface area

Cell Size

When the surface area is no longer great enough to get rid of all the wastes and to get in enough food and water,

then the cell must divideTherefore, the cells of an organism are close in size

Cell Size

Question:

Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse?

About the same size, but …

The elephant has MANY MORE cells than a mouse!

Multicellular Organisms

Cells in multicellular organisms often

specialize (take on different shapes & functions)

Cell Specialization

Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialized by

turning different genes on and offThis is known as

DIFFERENTIATION

Specialized Animal Cells

Muscle cells

Red blood cells

Cheek cellsSlide12

Specialized Plant cells

Xylem cells

Pollen

Guard Cells

Types of Cells

Prokaryotes – The first Cells

Cells that

lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Simplest type of cell

Single, circular chromosome

Includes

bacteria

Prokaryotes

Nucleoid

region (center) contains the DNA

Surrounded by

cell membrane & cell wall

(

peptidoglycan

)

Contain

ribosomes

(no membrane)

in their cytoplasm to make proteins

Eukaryotes

Cells that HAVE

a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

complex

type of cells

Includes

protists

, fungi, plants, and animals

Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

NucleusCell Membrane

Cytoplasm with organelles

Organelles

Very

small

(Microscopic)

Perform

various functions

for a cell

Found in the

cytoplasm

May or may not be

membrane-bound

Animal Cell Organelles

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Ribosome (attached)

Ribosome (free)

Cell Membrane

Rough

endoplasmic

reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Smooth

endoplasmic

reticulum

Centrioles

Plant Cell Organelles

Plasma

Membrane

Outside

of cell

Inside

of cell

(cytoplasm)

Cell

membrane

Proteins

Protein

channel

Lipid bilayer

Carbohydrate

chains

Composed of a

constantly moving

double layer

Surrounds

outside of

ALL cells

Controls what

enters or leaves the cell

We will discuss membranes a LOT after break

2. Cell Wall

Supports

and protects

cell

Found

outside of the cell membrane

In most prokaryotes, plants, and fungi

Jelly-like

substance enclosed

cell membrane

Provides a medium for

chemical reactions

to take

place

Contains

organelle

s to carry out specific jobs

Found in

ALL

cells

3. Cytoplasm of a Cell

cytoplasmSlide25

Controls the normal activities of the cell

Contains the DNA in chromosomes

Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores

Usually the

largest

organelle

4. The Control Organelle - Nucleus

Inside the Nucleus -

The genetic material (DNA) is

found here

DNA is spread out

And appears as

CHROMATIN

in non-dividing cells

DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming

as CHROMOSOMES

in dividing cells

What Does DNA do?

DNA is the

hereditary material of the cell

Genes

that make up the DNA molecule code for different

proteins

5. Ribosomes

Made of

PROTEINS and rRNA

“Protein factories” for cell



Ribosomes

Can be

attached

Be free (unattached) in the

cytoplasm

6. Mitochondrion

(plural = mitochondria)

“Powerhouse” of the cell

Site of

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

(burning glucose

) that generates cellular

energy (ATP)

active cells

muscle

cells have MORE mitochondria

All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria

MITOCHONDRIA

Made of a DOUBLE membrane

Inner membrane is highly folded to increase surface area

Has its own

DNA

Interesting Fact ---

Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization

Therefore …

You inherit your mitochondria from your mother

7. Chloroplasts

Found only in

producers (organisms containing

chlorophyll

)

Contains

enzymes & pigments

for

Photosynthesis

Never

in animal cells

Bacteria can be photosynthetic, but do not have chloroplasts

Chloroplasts

Made of a

DOUBLE membrane

Inner

membrane highly folded to increase surface area

Contains its

own DNA

8. Cytoskeleton

Helps cell maintain

cell shapeAlso help

move organelles

around within the

cell

Helps move the cell in environment

Made of

proteins

Several sizes, like pipes, and

Cytoskeleton

MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS

Endomembrane System

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell

membrane as well as Golgi apparatus and vesicles

Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER

Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

Network of

hollow membrane tubules

Connects to

nuclear envelope & cell membrane

Functions in

Synthesis

of cell products &

Transport

. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Has

ribosomes

on its surface

Makes membrane proteins and

proteins for EXPORT out of cell

. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

ribosomes

on its surface

attached

rough ER

Makes cell products that are

USED INSIDE the cell,

especially membrane pieces for organelles

10.

Golgi Apparatus

Stacks of flattened membrane sacs

Receive products

from ER on receiving

side (

cis

face

)

Vesicles with modified proteins

pinch off

the ends

of shipping side (

trans face

)

Vesicle

CIS

TRANSSlide42

Golgi

Apparatus

Modify, sort, & package

molecules from ER

for

storage

transport

out of cell

11.

Vesicles

Membrane sacs designed to

transport materialsPinch or bud off other membranes

At destination,

fuse

with other membranes

43Slide44

12.

Vacuoles

Fluid filled

sacks for

storage

Small or absent

animal

cells

Plant

cells have a

large Central VacuoleNo vacuoles

in bacterial cells

12a

. Central Vacuoles

In plants, they store

Cell Sap

Includes storage of

sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes

12b

. Contractile Vacuole

Found in unicellular protists like

paramecia

Regulate water

intake by

pumping out excess

Keeps the cell from

lysing

(bursting)

13.

Lysosomes

Contain

digestive enzymes

Fuse with vesicles to break down

food, bacteria,

and

worn out cell parts

for cells

Programmed for

cell death (AUTOLYSIS)

1 Basic Structure of a Cell - PowerPoint Presentation

1 Basic Structure of a Cell - PPT Presentation

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