Suffered greatest drop in population Eradication of many languages and cultural customs Were the last group of people to earn the right to vote as citizens in the US 1925 2000 CENSUS 15 of US population ID: 163626
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Slide1
NATIVE AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS
-Suffered greatest drop in population
-Eradication of many languages and cultural customs
-Were the last group of people to earn the right to vote as citizens in the US 1925Slide2
2000 CENSUS
1.5% of U.S. population
American Indian or
Alaska Native alone 2.5 million (26% higher than 1990) (0.9%)In combination with other “races” 1.6 million (0.6%)Total = 4.1 million (1.5%)(110% higher than 1990) Slide3
Native Population Distribution
100 million acres =
4% of U.S.,
BUT
…..Slide4
Modern Indian Lands = 4% of U.S.?
322 entities in Lower 48 = 56 million acres
BUT
much of rez land is allotted ( non-Indian ownership)Slide5
Era
Policy trend Global trend
1880s-1920s: Assimilation Imperialism/racism
1930s-1940s: Autonomy Economic reform1950s-early 60s: Assimilation Cold War/individualism1970s-early 90s: Autonomy Civil rights/liberationLate 1990s-2000s: Assimilation? Anti-multiculturalism
Pendulum of Federal Indian PolicySlide6
Settled (extinguished) tribal land claims until 1978
Tribe paid
estmated
“price per acre” of the land at time it was illegally taken ($1200 each to Potawatomi)ICC did not return land; some tribes turned down $$
Indian Claims Commission, 1946Slide7
-Freed successful tribes from
federal
gov’t
interventions-Ended 109 tribes( were not officially acknowledged tribes)-Groups subjected to state/local control
-Lost backing as a tribe from the Federal Government
-Federal
services lost; private
lands lost via tax foreclosure
-Major
cause stimulating
Indian rights movement;
13 tribes restored
TERMINATION
ERA, 1950s-60s
Menominee terminated, 1961-73Slide8
Returning WWII, Korean war veterans fight for rights
National Congress of American Indians, 1944
American Indian Chicago Conference, 1961; NIYC 1963
Activism in 1950s-early 1960s
Iroquois protest at U.S.-Canada border for Jay TreatySlide9
Force Indians off reservation
by offering job training
opportunities in
urban areas. Individuals made to signagreements that they wouldnot return to their reservations.
Urban populations grew in LA,
NY, Chicago,
Mpls
, Denver,
Albuquerque, OKC,
etc
.
Relocation Act, 1956 Slide10
Loss of Native culture &
languages, yet kept touch
with rural reservation
Increased contact among different tribes; growth of pan-Indian identity
Common experience of
urban poverty & struggle
Exposure to civil rights
activism, successes
Effects of Urban
Relocation, 1960s
Chicago
American
Indian
Center
powwowSlide11
American Indian Movement, 1968
Founded at Stillwater Prison;
inspired by Black Panthers
Urban Indians monitored
Minneapolis police brutality
on Franklin Avenue
Made contact with traditional
chiefs on reservations; fused
urban and rural activismSlide12
Alcatraz 1969
Indians of All Tribes
occupies abandoned
San Francisco Bay prisonCites law that unusedfederal propertyreverts to tribesFirst major nationalpan-Indian action Slide13
Trail of Broken Treaties 1972
-Caravan to Washington
,
DC for self-determination-Occupation ofBIA headquarters before1972 electionNixon White Houseembarrassed by clashesSlide14
LONGEST WALK 1978
5 Month March SF-DC
Protest Violation of Treaties and removal of Native American from homelands
Last major protest actMovement for rights headed to the court roomsSlide15
Courts vehicle of change
Most of the Demands of the Movement were not met
Much of their homeland were made in national Parks ,of turned into cities, or under private ownership
Through the courts Some territories were guaranteed or even returned to Native GroupsNative American Rights Fund- Organization which organized many of these legal battlesThere are still major issues and problems of reservations and fights to protect native territories.